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. 2025 Mar 5;8:1546398. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1546398

Table 3.

Evaluation results of different models without optimization.

Algorithm Features Scaling MAE RMSE MAPE R2 Score
SVR All No 219.34 268.44 1.248 −0.169
All Yes 222.42 272.13 1.265 −0.201
Selected No 219.07 268.10 1.247 −0.166
Selected Yes 221.16 270.84 1.259 −0.190
Random forest All No 30.61 33.40 0.116 0.982
All Yes 40.75 46.53 0.181 0.965
Selected No 28.66 32.02 0.105 0.983
Selected Yes 38.39 44.62 0.174 0.968
XGBoost All No 27.81 37.14 0.068 0.978
All Yes 35.81 43.88 0.095 0.969
Selected No 26.62 31.84 0.073 0.984
Selected Yes 31.93 42.98 0.099 0.978
GAN All Yes 0.341 0.402 0.231 0.952
Selected Yes 0.067 0.074 0.078 0.982