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. 2025 Mar 5;8:1546398. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1546398

Table 4.

Evaluations of Models Performance with Optimization.

Algorithm Features Scaling MAE RMSE MAPE R2 Score
SVM All No 235.44 251.33 1.1099 −0.0246
All Yes 51.44 60.70 0.2192 0.9402
Selected No 235.44 251.33 1.1099 −0.0246
Selected Yes 55.73 60.54 0.2201 0.9405
Random forest All No 23.56 29.83 0.0826 0.9856
All Yes 43.13 51.43 0.1584 0.9571
Selected No 20.13 28.87 0.0677 0.9865
Selected Yes 38.15 45.87 0.1480 0.9659
XGBoost All No 25.49 31.02 0.0859 0.9844
All Yes 33.87 41.13 0.1017 0.9726
Selected No 25.50 31.13 0.0669 0.9843
Selected Yes 30.61 41.79 0.0926 0.9717
GAN All Yes 0.1147 0.1429 0.1154 0.9828
Selected Yes 0.0499 0.0617 0.0543 0.9968