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. 2025 Mar 18;5:78. doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00756-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Boxplots illustrate the volumetric density of titanium micro-particles observed in different ROIs in peri-implantitis (n = 18) and reference implant samples (n = 18; with exception of Zone 3 where n = 15). Median and IQR. Circles represent outliers. b Results of linear regression analysis: clinical measurements and implant-related characteristics. Scatterplots: each dot represents one implant (n = 36); bar graphs: mean and 95%CI. c Results of linear regression analysis: volumetric density of titanium micro-particles by implant system observed in the “entire specimen”, “zone 1” and “zone with inflammation” ROIs. Implant systems were grouped in three categories: Astra Tech Osseospeed (n = 10), Nobel TiUnite (n = 14), Others (n = 12). More details can be found in Table 1. Bar graphs: mean and 95% CI. Strip plots: median and IQR. Each dot represents one implant. *p = 0.024 (Astra Tech Osseospeed vs Nobel TiUnite); p = 0.047 (Astra Tech Osseospeed vs Others).