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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin J Pain. 2025 Jan 1;41(1):e1257. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001257

TABLE 3.

Predicting Opioid Use Characteristics by Alcohol, Tobacco, or Marijuana

	Daily opioid use		MME ≥ 50
	Model 1; OR (95% CI)	Model 2; OR (95% CI)	Model 1; OR (95% CI)	Model 2; OR (95% CI)
Alcohol	0.68 (0.50-0.92)^*	0.72 (0.52-0.98)^*	1.16 (0.80-1.67)	1.19 (0.82-1.74)
Tobacco	1.79 (1.25-2.56)^*	1.60 (1.09-2.34)^*	1.22 (0.82-1.81)	1.04 (0.68-1.60)
Marijuana	1.24 (0.89-1.72)	1.16 (0.82-1.65)	1.36 (0.93-1.98)	1.27 (0.85-1.90)

Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for demographics, pain variables, and psychiatric disorders reported in Table 1.

^*

P < 0.05

MME indicates morphine milligram equivalent; OR, odds ratio.