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. 2025 Mar 6;16:1552772. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1552772

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included participants (n=2263) in the NHANES 2009-2018.

Variable Overall Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-value
n=2263
1.13 ± 0.46
n=564
0.62 ± 0.11
n=532
0.89 ± 0.06
n=598
1.13 ± 0.08
n=569
1.70 ± 0.41
Age (years) 59.41 ± 13.27 60.02 ± 12.20 60.47 ± 13.73 58.80 ± 13.12 58.71 ± 13.73 0.0767
Gender (%) <0.0001
Male 1223 (53.76) 320 (56.2) 311 (60.39) 312 (53.27) 280 (47.05)
Female 1040 (46.24) 244 (43.8) 221 (39.61) 286 (46.73) 289 (52.95)
Race (%) <0.0001
Mexican American 399 (10.45) 90 (10.09) 102 (11.36) 116 (10.74) 91 (9.68)
Other Hispanic 269 (6.35) 54 (6.06) 70 (6.48) 73 (6.1) 72 (6.72)
Non-Hispanic white 760 (59.85) 128 (47.51) 163 (58.39) 213 (62.6) 256 (67.5)
Non-Hispanic black 537 (14.06) 203 (24.62) 121 (13.76) 127 (12.23) 86 (8.26)
Others 298 (9.29) 89 (11.71) 76 (10.02) 69 (8.34) 64 (7.84)
Education level (%) 0.0386
Less than high school 742 (22.47) 185 (24.95) 181 (21.94) 192 (21.3) 184 (22.23)
High school or GED 513 (24.15) 123 (21.46) 124 (24.04) 138 (26.05) 128 (24.33)
Above high school 1004 (53.33) 255 (53.52) 226 (53.96) 266 (52.59) 257 (53.43)
Marital status (%) 0.0003
Married 1273 (58.74) 311 (56.1) 312 (60.69) 339 (59.31) 311 (58.54)
Widowed 280 (9.9) 67 (7.74) 78 (13.88) 59 (7.63) 76 (10.56)
Divorced 281 (12.42) 72 (12.9) 62 (11.7) 80 (12.7) 67 (12.37)
Separated 90 (2.65) 19 (2.4) 18 (2.16) 33 (3.45) 20 (2.42)
Never married 227 (10.61) 65 (13.91) 41 (7.39) 57 (11.63) 64 (9.73)
Living with partner 109 (5.48) 30 (6.95) 21 (4.17) 28 (4.53) 30 (6.38)
BMI (%) <0.0001
<25 307 (11.27) 106 (17.53) 73 (11.68) 60 (6.38) 68 (11.12)
<30 647 (26.14) 181 (31.63) 190 (29.6) 154 (25.78) 122 (19.48)
≥30 1275 (62.6) 273 (50.83) 261 (58.72) 374 (67.84) 367 (69.4)
Smoking status (%) <0.0001
≥100 cigarettes lifetime 1110 (49.37) 235 (37.66) 243 (46.84) 302 (52.46) 330 (57.08)
<100 cigarettes lifetime 1152 (50.59) 328 (62.14) 289 (53.16) 296 (47.54) 239 (42.92)
HBP (%) 1760 (77.11) 444 (75.33) 413 (78.62) 464 (76.6) 439 (77.73) 0.6244
CVD (%) 752 (33.24) 163 (29.86) 167 (32.78) 210 (33.71) 212 (35.68) 0.2331
HDL-C, mg/dL 47.82 ± 15.27 51.93 ± 14.78 48.08 ± 13.63 47.05 ± 18.98 45.29 ± 11.62 <0.0001
TC, mg/dL 181.94 ± 45.24 184.17 ± 43.60 185.32 ± 44.58 180.25 ± 44.7 1 179.21 ± 47.19 0.0818
Triglyceride, mg/dL 160.04 ± 132.99 137.36 ± 109.94 165.78 ± 151.91 170.03 ± 123.89 162.33 ± 139.07 0.0006
LDL-C, mg/dL 103.40 ± 38.20 105.51 ± 37.31 105.37 ± 37.34 100.52 ± 36.59 103.11 ± 40.84 0.1211
ALT, U/L 27.67 ± 17.85 29.60 ± 19.81 27.97 ± 16.96 28.70 ± 18.87 24.96 ± 15.49 0.0001
AST, U/L 25.82 ± 13.59 28.31 ± 15.47 25.76 ± 10.94 26.52 ± 15.36 23.30 ± 11.55 <0.0001
ACR, mg/g 133.64 ± 636.46 36.39 ± 154.27 71.78 ± 273.61 103.24 ± 429.59 286.99 ± 1069.83 <0.0001
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 85.36 ± 24.44 86.96 ± 22.20 83.75 ± 23.41 86.94 ± 23.92 83.88 ± 27.05 0.0349
DKD (%) 878 (35.47) 157 (23.32) 192 (35.63) 240 (36.26) 289 (43.65) <0.0001
Albuminuria (%) 671 (26.29) 111(15.61) 140 (22.59) 192 (28.62) 228(34.92) <0.0001
Low-eGFR (%) 410 (16.49) 72 (12.26) 92 (17.67) 98 (13.91) 148 (21.29) 0.0001
Low-eGFR and Albuminuria (%) 203 (7.31) 26 (4.55) 40 (4.63) 50 (6.27) 87 (12.57) <0.0001