Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants (n=2263) in the NHANES 2009-2018.
| Variable | Overall | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=2263 1.13 ± 0.46 |
n=564 0.62 ± 0.11 |
n=532 0.89 ± 0.06 |
n=598 1.13 ± 0.08 |
n=569 1.70 ± 0.41 |
||
| Age (years) | 59.41 ± 13.27 | 60.02 ± 12.20 | 60.47 ± 13.73 | 58.80 ± 13.12 | 58.71 ± 13.73 | 0.0767 |
| Gender (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 1223 (53.76) | 320 (56.2) | 311 (60.39) | 312 (53.27) | 280 (47.05) | |
| Female | 1040 (46.24) | 244 (43.8) | 221 (39.61) | 286 (46.73) | 289 (52.95) | |
| Race (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 399 (10.45) | 90 (10.09) | 102 (11.36) | 116 (10.74) | 91 (9.68) | |
| Other Hispanic | 269 (6.35) | 54 (6.06) | 70 (6.48) | 73 (6.1) | 72 (6.72) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 760 (59.85) | 128 (47.51) | 163 (58.39) | 213 (62.6) | 256 (67.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 537 (14.06) | 203 (24.62) | 121 (13.76) | 127 (12.23) | 86 (8.26) | |
| Others | 298 (9.29) | 89 (11.71) | 76 (10.02) | 69 (8.34) | 64 (7.84) | |
| Education level (%) | 0.0386 | |||||
| Less than high school | 742 (22.47) | 185 (24.95) | 181 (21.94) | 192 (21.3) | 184 (22.23) | |
| High school or GED | 513 (24.15) | 123 (21.46) | 124 (24.04) | 138 (26.05) | 128 (24.33) | |
| Above high school | 1004 (53.33) | 255 (53.52) | 226 (53.96) | 266 (52.59) | 257 (53.43) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.0003 | |||||
| Married | 1273 (58.74) | 311 (56.1) | 312 (60.69) | 339 (59.31) | 311 (58.54) | |
| Widowed | 280 (9.9) | 67 (7.74) | 78 (13.88) | 59 (7.63) | 76 (10.56) | |
| Divorced | 281 (12.42) | 72 (12.9) | 62 (11.7) | 80 (12.7) | 67 (12.37) | |
| Separated | 90 (2.65) | 19 (2.4) | 18 (2.16) | 33 (3.45) | 20 (2.42) | |
| Never married | 227 (10.61) | 65 (13.91) | 41 (7.39) | 57 (11.63) | 64 (9.73) | |
| Living with partner | 109 (5.48) | 30 (6.95) | 21 (4.17) | 28 (4.53) | 30 (6.38) | |
| BMI (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <25 | 307 (11.27) | 106 (17.53) | 73 (11.68) | 60 (6.38) | 68 (11.12) | |
| <30 | 647 (26.14) | 181 (31.63) | 190 (29.6) | 154 (25.78) | 122 (19.48) | |
| ≥30 | 1275 (62.6) | 273 (50.83) | 261 (58.72) | 374 (67.84) | 367 (69.4) | |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| ≥100 cigarettes lifetime | 1110 (49.37) | 235 (37.66) | 243 (46.84) | 302 (52.46) | 330 (57.08) | |
| <100 cigarettes lifetime | 1152 (50.59) | 328 (62.14) | 289 (53.16) | 296 (47.54) | 239 (42.92) | |
| HBP (%) | 1760 (77.11) | 444 (75.33) | 413 (78.62) | 464 (76.6) | 439 (77.73) | 0.6244 |
| CVD (%) | 752 (33.24) | 163 (29.86) | 167 (32.78) | 210 (33.71) | 212 (35.68) | 0.2331 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.82 ± 15.27 | 51.93 ± 14.78 | 48.08 ± 13.63 | 47.05 ± 18.98 | 45.29 ± 11.62 | <0.0001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 181.94 ± 45.24 | 184.17 ± 43.60 | 185.32 ± 44.58 | 180.25 ± 44.7 1 | 179.21 ± 47.19 | 0.0818 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 160.04 ± 132.99 | 137.36 ± 109.94 | 165.78 ± 151.91 | 170.03 ± 123.89 | 162.33 ± 139.07 | 0.0006 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 103.40 ± 38.20 | 105.51 ± 37.31 | 105.37 ± 37.34 | 100.52 ± 36.59 | 103.11 ± 40.84 | 0.1211 |
| ALT, U/L | 27.67 ± 17.85 | 29.60 ± 19.81 | 27.97 ± 16.96 | 28.70 ± 18.87 | 24.96 ± 15.49 | 0.0001 |
| AST, U/L | 25.82 ± 13.59 | 28.31 ± 15.47 | 25.76 ± 10.94 | 26.52 ± 15.36 | 23.30 ± 11.55 | <0.0001 |
| ACR, mg/g | 133.64 ± 636.46 | 36.39 ± 154.27 | 71.78 ± 273.61 | 103.24 ± 429.59 | 286.99 ± 1069.83 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.36 ± 24.44 | 86.96 ± 22.20 | 83.75 ± 23.41 | 86.94 ± 23.92 | 83.88 ± 27.05 | 0.0349 |
| DKD (%) | 878 (35.47) | 157 (23.32) | 192 (35.63) | 240 (36.26) | 289 (43.65) | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria (%) | 671 (26.29) | 111(15.61) | 140 (22.59) | 192 (28.62) | 228(34.92) | <0.0001 |
| Low-eGFR (%) | 410 (16.49) | 72 (12.26) | 92 (17.67) | 98 (13.91) | 148 (21.29) | 0.0001 |
| Low-eGFR and Albuminuria (%) | 203 (7.31) | 26 (4.55) | 40 (4.63) | 50 (6.27) | 87 (12.57) | <0.0001 |