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. 2025 Mar 6;8:1566197. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1566197

Table 3.

Prediction performance metrics for random forest and gradient boosting tree.

Metric Random forest Gradient boosting trees
MSE (using 2020 data to predict 2021) 64.54 61.4790
MSE (using 2020 data to predict 2022) 101.205 103.5172
MSE (using 2021 data to predict 2022) 64.9365 61.4940
MSE (using 2020 and 2021 data to predict 2022) 60.414 48.0326
R-squared (using 2020 data to predict 2021) 0.3942 0.42293
R-squared (using 2020 data to predict 2022) 0.081435 0.06045
R-squared (using 2021 data to predict 2022) 0.41062 0.44186
R-squared (using 2020 and 2021 data to predict 2022) 0.45167 0.56404