. 2025 Mar 19;22(1):11. doi: 10.1007/s10433-025-00850-4

Table 2.

Multiple regression analyses

	PEAA: Model 1	PEAA: Model 2
Control variables
Age 17–24^a	0.45† (0.18)	0.46* (0.15)	0.60* (0.18)	0.42† (0.17)	0.57** (0.16)	0.58* (0.19)
Age 25–39^a	− 0.10 (0.14)	− 0.16 (0.13)	0.09 (0.14)	− 0.09 (0.14)	− 0.09 (0.13)	0.02 (0.15)
Age 40–54^a	0.15 (0.13)	0.09 (0.12)	0.32† (0.13)	0.14 (0.13)	0.14 (0.12)	0.27 (0.14)
Age 55–69^a	0.09 (0.13)	− 0.01 (0.12)	0.29† (0.13)	0.13 (0.12)	0.05 (0.12)	0.27† (0.13)
Female	0.10 (0.08)	0.14† (0.07)	0.10 (0.08)	0.07 (0.07)	0.14† (0.07)	0.06 (0.08)
Subjective socioeconomic status	0.10† (0.05)	0.10† (0.05)	0.10 (0.05)	0.06 (0.05)	0.09† (0.04)	0.12† (0.05)
Partnership	0.33* (0.10)	0.31** (0.09)	0.31* (0.10)	0.36** (0.10)	0.28* (0.10)	0.28† (0.11)
General health	0.18* (0.05)	0.12† (0.05)	0.08 (0.06)	0.12† (0.05)	0.10† (0.05)	0.08 (0.05)
Household predictors
Optimism				0.02 (0.18)	0.13 (0.16)	0.11 (0.22)
Conscientiousness				−0.05 (0.11)	0.06 (0.11)	−0.02 (0.11)
Age stereotypes: PH				−0.01 (0.07)	−0.06 (0.07)	−0.13 (0.08)
Age stereotypes: MH				−0.01 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.11 (0.08)
Age stereotypes: SE				0.08 (0.06)	0.06 (0.06)	−0.02 (0.06)
Life goal of civic engagement				0.15† (0.07)	0.10 (0.07)	0.30* (0.08)**
R²	0.025	0.033	0.031	0.032	0.042	0.049
ΔR²	–	–	–	0.006	0.008	0.016

PEAA: Model 1

PEAA: Model 2

Predictor

Control variables

Age 17–24^a

0.45†

(0.18)

0.46*

(0.15)

0.60*

(0.18)

0.42†

(0.17)

0.57**

(0.16)

0.58*

(0.19)

Age 25–39^a

− 0.10

(0.14)

− 0.16

(0.13)

0.09

(0.14)

− 0.09

(0.14)

− 0.09

(0.13)

0.02

(0.15)

Age 40–54^a

0.15

(0.13)

0.09

(0.12)

0.32†

(0.13)

0.14

(0.13)

0.14

(0.12)

0.27

(0.14)

Age 55–69^a

0.09

(0.13)

− 0.01

(0.12)

0.29†

(0.13)

0.13

(0.12)

0.05

(0.12)

0.27†

(0.13)

Female

0.10

(0.08)

0.14†

(0.07)

0.10

(0.08)

0.07

(0.07)

0.14†

(0.07)

0.06

(0.08)

Subjective socioeconomic status

0.10†

(0.05)

0.10†

(0.05)

0.10

(0.05)

0.06

(0.05)

0.09†

(0.04)

0.12†

(0.05)

Partnership

0.33*

(0.10)

0.31**

(0.09)

0.31*

(0.10)

0.36**

(0.10)

0.28*

(0.10)

0.28†

(0.11)

General health

0.18*

(0.05)

0.12†

(0.05)

0.08

(0.06)

0.12†

(0.05)

0.10†

(0.05)

0.08

(0.05)

Household predictors

Optimism

0.02

(0.18)

0.13

(0.16)

0.11

(0.22)

Conscientiousness

−0.05

(0.11)

0.06

(0.11)

−0.02

(0.11)

Age stereotypes: PH

−0.01

(0.07)

−0.06

(0.07)

−0.13

(0.08)

Age stereotypes: MH

−0.01

(0.07)

0.08

(0.07)

0.11

(0.08)

Age stereotypes: SE

0.08

(0.06)

0.06

(0.06)

−0.02

(0.06)

Life goal of civic engagement

0.15†

(0.07)

0.10

(0.07)

0.30***

(0.08)

R²

0.025

0.033

0.031

0.032

0.042

0.049

ΔR²

–

0.006

0.008

0.016

N = 2007. Cells show unstandardized regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. PEAA = perceived expectations for active aging. PH = physical health domain. MH = mental health domain. SE = social engagement domain. The coefficients used in testing our hypotheses, regardless of their significance, are shown in bold

^aReference group: Age 70 +

^†p < 0.10 * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. (for planned significance tests, indicated in bold)

^†p < 0.05. * p < 0.01. ** p < 0.001. (for post-hoc significance tests, including those for control variables)