Table 2.
Biochemical and genetics characteristics related to obesity in children and adolescents
| Characteristics | Total, N (%) | Non obese, N (%) | Obese, N (%) | Odds ratio, (CI 95%) | p-value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical variables | |||||
| Glycated hemoglobin | |||||
| < 5.7 | 875 (95.5) | 807 (96.1) | 68 (89.5) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 5.7 | 41 (4.5) | 33 (3.9) | 8 (10.5) | 2.87 (1.27–6.47) | 0.008 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||
| < 170 | 284 (31.0) | 261 (31.1) | 23 (30.7) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 170 | 631 (69.0) | 579 (68.9) | 52 (69.3) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | 0.942 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | |||||
| < 110 | 553 (60.4) | 507 (60.4) | 46 (61.3) | 1.00 | |
| ≥ 110 | 362 (39.6) | 333 (39.6) | 29 (38.7) | 0.96 (0.59–1.55) | 0.868 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | |||||
| > 45 | 852 (93.1) | 787 (93.7) | 65 (86.7) | 1.00 | |
| ≤ 45 | 63 (6.9) | 53 (6.3) | 10 (13.3) | 2.28 (1.11–4.70) | 0.021 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) b | |||||
| Normal | 402 (43.9) | 383 (45.6) | 19 (25.3) | 1.00 | |
| Elevated | 513 (56.1) | 136 (16.0) | 56 (74.7) | 2.47 (1.44–4.22) | 0.001 |
| Genetic variables | |||||
| FTO (rs1121980) | |||||
| Genotype | |||||
| G/G | 289 (31.4) | 272 (32.2) | 17 (22.4) | 1.00 | |
| A/G | 483 (52.4) | 441 (52.2) | 42 (55.3) | 1.52 (0.85–2.79) | 0.154 |
| A/A | 149 (16.2) | 132 (15.6) | 17 (22.4) | 2.06 (1.01–4.20) | 0.040 |
| Allele | |||||
| G | 1061 (57.6) | 985 (58.3) | 76 (50.0) | 1.00 | |
| A | 781 (42.4) | 705 (41.7) | 76 (50.0) | 1.39 (1.00-1.94) | 0.047 |
| APOB (rs693) | |||||
| Genotype | |||||
| G/G | 411 (44.6) | 372 (44.0) | 39 (51.3) | 1.00 | |
| A/G | 403 (43.8) | 373 (44.1) | 30 (39.5) | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 0.296 |
| A/A | 107 (11.6) | 100 (11.8) | 7 (9.2) | 0.66 (1.26–1.48) | 0.339 |
| Allele | |||||
| G | 1225 (66.5) | 1117 (66.1) | 108 (71.1) | 1.00 | |
| A | 617 (33.5) | 573 (33.9) | 44 (28.9) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 0.215 |
| NOS3 (rs1799983) | |||||
| Genotype | |||||
| G/G | 528 (57.3) | 491 (58.1) | 37 (48.7) | 1.00 | |
| T/G | 342 (37.1) | 311 (36.8) | 31 (40.8) | 1.32 (0.80–2.17) | 0.270 |
| T/T | 51 (5.5) | 43 (5.1) | 8 (10.5) | 2.46 (1.08–5.63) | 0.027 |
| Allele | |||||
| G | 1398 (75.9) | 1293 (76.5) | 105 (69.1) | 1.00 | |
| T | 444 (24.1) | 397 (23.5) | 47 (30.9) | 1.45 (1.01–2.09) | 0.040 |
| Genetic score c | |||||
| 0 | 165 (17.9) | 157 (18.6) | 8 (10.5) | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 389 (42.2) | 358 (42.4) | 31 (40.8) | 1.70 (0.76–3.78) | 0.194 |
| 2 | 271 (29.4) | 250 (29.6) | 21 (27.6) | 1.65 (0.71–3.81) | 0.243 |
| 3 | 90 (9.8) | 76 (9.0) | 14 (18.4) | 3.61 (1.45–8.98) | 0.006 |
| 4 | 6 (0.7) | 4 (0.5) | 2 (2.6) | 9.81 (1.56–16.78) | 0.015 |
a p-value corresponding to the Pearson’s chi-square test
bThe cut-off point for triglycerides varies according to age, and is considered normal when the value is < 85 mg/dL for children (up to 9 years of age) and < 100 mg/dL for adolescents (between 10 and 17 years of age) (Brazilian Society of Cardiology, 2017). CI: Confidence Interval; HDL-c: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol;; LDL-c: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
cRisk allele score was created to evaluate the combined influence of polymorphisms in the FTO (rs1121980) and NOS3 (rs1799983) genes on obesity. This score ranges from 0 (no risk alleles) to 4 (maximum risk alleles), based on the presence of protective or risk alleles. For FTO, allele G is protective and allele A is a risk allele. For NOS3, allele G is protective and allele T is a risk allele. Although the APOB (rs693) gene was analyzed, it was not included in the genetic risk score as it did not remain significant in the univariate analysis