Table 1.

Excerpt of the mechanical properties of human tissue and collagen I hydrogels in concentration ranges commonly used in 3D cell culture (0.3–6 mg/ml).

Tissue	Tensile strength [N/mm2]	Compressive strength [N/mm2]	Young's modulus [N/mm2]	Shear modulus [N/mm2]	Ref.
Collagen I	0.008-0.774	0.77-42.8 × 10−3	0.008-7.19	1.71–1440 × 10−6	[60,[76], [77], [78]]
Cancellous bone	1–5	2–41	50–5000	72–499	[[79], [80], [81], [82], [83]]
Cortical bone	60–193	100–230	3000–30000	3300-6000	[79,80,[83], [84], [85], [86], [87]]
Cartilage	3.7–40	1.16–7.75	0.7–15.3	1–1.5	[79,[88], [89], [90]]
Ligaments	13–46	–	25–4300	0.004-0.88	[79,84,[91], [92], [93], [94]]
Tendons	24–140	–	143–2310	0.036-1.6	[79,91,92,[95], [96], [97]]
Blood vessels	0.03–4	–	0.1–130	–	[[98], [99], [100]]
Heart muscle	3 -15 × 10−3	–	0.02-0.50	–	[[101], [102], [103]]
Skeletal muscle	0.01-0.02	–	0.01-0.45	0.023-0.033	[91,102,[104], [105], [106]]
Skin	3–14	–	0.05–160	0.001–3.1	[84,91,[107], [108], [109]]