Skip to main content
. 2025 Mar 21;11(12):eadr1538. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr1538

Fig. 2. Gut microbiota and Preiss-Handler pathway are essential for orally administered NMN to increase NAD+ levels in the liver.

Fig. 2.

(A) Time course analysis of NAD+ metabolome in the liver of WT mice gavaged with NMN and NR. n = 6 mice per group. P values of interaction effect; NAD+ < 0.0001, NR < 0.0001, NMN < 0.0001, NAM < 0.0001, NAAD < 0.0001, NAR < 0.0001, NAMN < 0.0001, and NA = 0.0777. Statistical significance was determined by Tukey’s test. Asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001) indicate significance compared with the saline group at the same time point in the overall analysis. (B) NAD+ metabolome in the liver of control and germ-free mice at 3 hours after the oral administration of NMN and NR. n = 3 to 4 mice per group. P values of interaction effect; NA = 0.0007, NAR = 0.0069, NAAD < 0.0001, and NAD+ < 0.0001. Statistical significance was determined by Tukey’s test (**P < 0.01). (C) NAD+ metabolome in the blood from the portal vein of control and germ-free mice at 3 hours after the oral administration of NMN and NR. n = 4 mice per group. P values of interaction effect; NA = 0.0024, NAM = 0.9063, NR = 0.8483, and NMN = 0.2144. Statistical significance was determined by Tukey’s test (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01). (D) NAD+ metabolome in the liver of WT and Naprt KO mice at 3 hours after the oral administration of NMN and NR. n = 6 mice per group. P values of interaction effect; NAD+ < 0.0001, NAAD < 0.0001, NAMN < 0.0001, NAR < 0.0001, NA < 0.0001, NAM < 0.0001, NR = 0.0448, and NMN < 0.0001. Statistical significance was determined by Tukey’s test (**P < 0.01).