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. 2025 Mar 21;243(4):97. doi: 10.1007/s00221-025-07058-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Violin plots representing subject distributions of (a) Frequency, (b) Amplitude, and (c) Polarity GVS thresholds, following Placebo or Lidocaine applications. Vertical axes are natural log scaled, and symbols are the same as in Fig. 1. Horizontal lines represent the median of GVS thresholds. No significant differences in Frequency or Amplitude GVS thresholds were noted between the Placebo and Lidocaine sessions, but asterisks denote significantly larger Polarity GVS thresholds in sessions when Lidocaine was applied, compared to the Placebo (**p < 0.01)