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. 2025 Mar 21;15:9822. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94194-9

Table 1.

Selected mathematical modeling to demonstrate the NTS drying process.

No Model name Model equation* References
1 Newton (Lewis) Inline graphic 72
2 Page Inline graphic 72
3 Combined Two-term and Page Inline graphic 72
4 Modified Henderson and Pabis Inline graphic 72
5 Modified Midilli II Inline graphic 72
6 Modified Page III Inline graphic 72
7 Modified Two Term III Inline graphic 72
8 Logistics Inline graphic 72
9 Simplified Ficks Diffusion Inline graphic 73
10 Approximation diffusion Inline graphic 72
11 Parabolic model Inline graphic 72

*MR is the moisture ratio, dimensionless; k is the drying constant, h−1; t is the drying time, h; L is the thickness of the samples (slab), m; a, b, c, d, g, h, and n are the models constants, dimensionless.