Table 1.

Unique physical properties of 2D materials used for various applications

Material	Physical properties	Applications
Graphene	Fast carrier mobility	Ultrafast photodetectors [24] and lasers [25]
	Bandgap:0 eV	Broadband photodetectors[26] (UV to infrared)
	Ultrafast carrier relaxation time	High-speed optical communication [27], imaging in security [28], and medical diagnostics [29]
	Exceptionally low noise	Detection of single gas molecules [30]
	High tensile strength (~ 130 GPa)	Aerospace and automotive industry [31]
	High surface area (~ 2630 m2 g−1)	Energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries [32]
TMDs	Tunable bandgaps (Bandgap: 1–2.5 eV)	Low-power, high-efficiency digital electronics [33]
	High absorption coefficient (absorption up to 20% of incident light)	Solar cells [34] and photodetectors [35]
	Strong spin–orbit coupling	Spintronic [36] and valleytronic [37]
	High surface reactivity	Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting [38]
Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)	Atomically flat surface	Surve as perfect substrate for epitaxial growth of other 2D materials [39]
	Large bandgap (~ 5.9 eV)	Excellent electrical insulator [40]
	High mechanical strength	Protective coating and support material for other 2D materials [41]
	High breakdown voltage	Gate dielectrics in transistors [42]
	Resistance to radiation damage	Ideal for space applications and nuclear technology [43]
Phosphorene	Tunable bandgaps (Bandgap: 0.3–2 eV)	Solar cells [44] and spintronics [45]
	Ambipolar conduction	Used in optoelectronics and logic circuits for efficient charge transport [46]
	Strong light absorption	Useful in photodetectors and solar cells [47]
	Photoluminescence	Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers [5]
	Anisotropic elastic properties	Direction-sensitive strain sensors [48]