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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2024 Oct 1;177(11):1462–1470. doi: 10.7326/M24-0859

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics

Demographics TRE (n=61) SOC (n=61)
Age, years* 56.6 (11.5) 60.6 (10.3)
Male, n (%) 30 (49 30 (49)
Female, n (%) 31 (51) 31 (51)
White, n (Hispanic or Latino, n) 36 (1) 38 (2)
Black, n (Hispanic or Latino, n) 7 (0) 2 (0)
Asian, n (Hispanic or Latino, n) 10 (0) 16 (0)
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, n
(Hispanic or Latino, n)
2 (0) 0
Mixed Race, n (Hispanic or Latino) 4 (2) 5 (3)
Declined to disclose race/ethnicity, n 2 0
Medications for Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
Metformin, n (%) 4 (7) 3 (5)
Statins, n (%) 29 (48) 31 (52)
Anti-Hypertensives and Diuretics, n (%) 28 (46) 31 (52)
Non-statin lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) 2 (3) 2 (3)
1 or more medication listed above, n (%) 46 (75) 38 (62)
Metabolic Syndrome Classification
HbA1c ≥ 5.7 %, Fasting Glucose ≥ 5.55 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) or drug treatment, n (%) 61 (100) 61 (100)
HDL cholesterol: M < 1.03 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) or F < 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) (F), or drug treatment for reduced HDL-cholesterol, n (%) 44 (73) 42 (69)
Triglycerides ≥ 1.69 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) or drug treatment for elevated triglycerides, n (%) 25 (41) 25 (41)
SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg, or Drug Treatment for Hypertension, n (%) 48 (79) 44 (73)
Waist Circumference: Asian: ≥ 90 cm (M) or ≥ 80 cm (F); all other races: ≥ 102 cm (M) or ≥ 88 cm (F), n (%) 52 (85) 55 (90)

Baseline characteristics for all randomized participants (n=122). All data are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. Independent T-tests were used to assess differences between groups, with p-value <0.05 considered significant (*). Only age was significantly different between TRE and SOC at baseline (p=0.044). Non-statin lipid-lowering drugs include fenofibrate, icosapent ethyl, ezetimibe, and omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester. TRE = time-restricted feeding, SOC = standard of care, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin), SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure.