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. 2025 Feb 3;53(4):1003–1013. doi: 10.1007/s10439-025-03688-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 4 — Longitudinal rotation of the torso relative to the pelvis during running simulations (black line: active arm swing model, red line: fixed arm swing model, blue line: passive arm swing model)