Table 2.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Variables | Participants (n = 7996) | Training cohort (n = 6396) | Test cohort (n = 1600) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 44.19 ± 14.28 | 44.21 ± 14.29 | 44.14 ± 14.28 |
| Gender, n(%) | 7996 (100) | 6396 (100) | 1600 (100) |
| female | 3999 (50.02) | 3204 (50.09) | 795 (49.68) |
| male | 3997 (49.98) | 3192 (49.91) | 805 (50.32) |
| Race, n(%) | 7996 (100) | 6396 (100) | 1600 (100) |
| Mexican American | 1163 (14.55) | 934 (14.60) | 229 (14.31) |
| Other Hispanic | 949 (11.86) | 766 (11.97) | 183 (11.43) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2582 (32.3) | 2069 (32.35) | 513 (32.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1970 (24.64) | 1577 (24.66) | 393 (24.56) |
| Other Race—Including Multi-Racial | 1332 (16.66) | 1050 (16.42) | 282 (17.63) |
| Education, n(%) | 7996 (100) | 6396 (100) | 1600 (100) |
| Less than high school degree | 1652 (20.66) | 1317 (20.59) | 335 (20.94) |
| High school graduate or some college degree | 1713 (21.41) | 1363 (21.31) | 350 (21.87) |
| College graduate or above | 4631 (57.92) | 3716 (58.10) | 915 (57.19) |
| Cotinine level (ng/ml), mean(SD) | 56.40 (24.58) | 56.23 (24.66) | 57.1 (25.61) |
| Smoking, n(%) | 7986 (100) | 6389 (100) | 1597 (100) |
| Current or Former smoker1 | 3329 (41.69) | 2645 (41.40) | 684 (42.83) |
| Never | 4657 (58.31) | 3744 (58.60) | 913 (57.17) |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n(%) | 7991 (100) | 6391 (100) | 1600 (100) |
| Yes | 933 (11.68) | 749 (11.72) | 184 (11.50) |
| No | 6893 (86.26) | 5511 (86.24) | 1382 (86.37) |
| Borderline | 165 (2.06) | 131 (2.04) | 34 (2.13) |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 7989 (100) | 6393 (100) | 1596 (100) |
| Yes | 2476 (30.99) | 1975 (30.89) | 501 (31.39) |
| No | 5513 (69.01) | 4418 (69.11) | 1095 (68.61) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.40 (7.20) | 29.55 (7.25) | 29.11 (7.09) |
| Height (m), mean (SD) | 167.53 (10.06) | 167.44 (9.98) | 167.71 (10.11) |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 82.71 (22.17) | 82.82 (22.11) | 82.52 (21.89) |
| HDL (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 52.73 (15.99) | 52.75 (16.01) | 52.69 (15.90) |
| LDL (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 114.53 (35.25) | 114.50 (35.21) | 114.62 (35.30) |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 192.67 (41.32) | 192.65 (41.31) | 192.71 (41.33) |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 156.35 (138.55) | 156.41 (138.60) | 156.14 (138.30) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 7951 (100) | 6376 (100) | 1575 (100) |
| Yes | 2440 (30.69) | 1958 (30.71) | 482 (30.60) |
| No | 5511 (69.31) | 4418 (69.29) | 1093 (69.40) |
| Vigorous activities (minutes), mean (SD) | 26.46 (48.90) | 26.34 (48.58) | 26.81 (49.10) |
| Moderate activities (minutes), mean (SD) | 36.80 (54.96) | 36.77 (54.91) | 36.86 (55.12) |
| Congestive heart failure, n(%) | 7981 (100) | 6386 (100) | 1595 (100) |
| Yes | 158 (1.98) | 128 (2.01) | 30 (1.88) |
| No | 7823 (98.02) | 6258 (97.99) | 1565 (98.12) |
| Coronary heart disease, n(%) | 7971 (100) | 6377 (100) | 1594 (100) |
| Yes | 169 (2.12) | 140 (2.19) | 29 (1.82) |
| No | 7802 (97.88) | 6237 (97.81) | 1565 (98.18) |
| History of angina, n(%) | 7981 (100) | 6389 (100) | 1592 (100) |
| Yes | 128 (1.60) | 101 (1.58) | 27 (1.70) |
| No | 7853 (98.40) | 6288 (98.42) | 1565 (98.30) |
| Heart attack, n(%) | 7990 (100) | 6395 (100) | 1595 (100) |
| Yes | 193 (2.42) | 157 (2.46) | 36 (2.26) |
| No | 7797 (97.58) | 6238 (97.54) | 1559 (97.74) |
| Stroke, n(%) | 7991 (100) | 6392 (100) | 1599 (100) |
| Yes | 196 (2.45) | 161 (2.52) | 35 (2.19) |
| No | 7795 (97.55) | 6231 (97.48) | 1564 (97.81) |
| Protein intake (gm), mean (SD) | 84.07 (42.92) | 84.11 (42.94) | 83.95 (42.86) |
| Fiber intake (gm), mean (SD) | 17.43 (11.22) | 17.39 (11.20) | 17.55 (11.31) |
| Potassium intake (mg), mean (SD) | 2648.74 (1272.99) | 2647.98 (1272.68) | 2652.64 (1273.52) |
| Cholesterol intake (mg), mean (SD) | 307.45 (246.64) | 308.01 (246.89) | 306.32 (245.89) |
| Saturated fat intake (mg), mean (SD) | 26.65 (16.97) | 26.71 (17.02) | 26.12 (16.48) |
| Total fat intake (gm), mean (SD) | 83.11 (47.31) | 83.07 (47.29) | 83.78 (47.48) |
| Magnesium intake (mg), mean (SD) | 305.60 (156.12) | 305.57 (156.11) | 305.73 (156.16) |
| Calcium intake (mg), mean (SD) | 933.05 (584.21) | 933.12 (584.27) | 932.72 (584.13) |
| Sodium intake (mg), mean (SD) | 3644.83 (1871.31) | 3643.98 (1870.78) | 3646.23 (1872.01) |
| Kilocalories intake, mean (SD) | 2180.96 (999.81) | 2180.87 (999.78) | 2181.12 (999.98) |
| Hearing threshold categories, n (%) | 7996 (100) | 6396 (100) | 1600 (100) |
| Normal (< 16 dB) | 5899 (73.78) | 4708 (73.61) | 1191 (74.44) |
| Slight (16-25db) | 1379 (17.25) | 1108 (17.32) | 271 (16.94) |
| Mild (26–40 dB) | 569 (7.12) | 455 (7.11) | 114 (7.13) |
| Moderate or worse (> 40) | 149 (1.86) | 125 (1.95) | 24 (1.50) |
| Pure-tone average, mean (SD) | 10.54 (9.80) | 10.71 (9.86) | 9.87 (8.64) |
1 at least 100 cigarettes in life.