Fig. 4.

Choline inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress. (A) Level of ACh content; n = 6 per group; one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's t-test. (B) Representative images of α7-nAChR staining in the HPC across groups; n = 4 per group; Scale bar = 50 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of α7-nAChR positive area (% of total area); n = 4 per group. (D–E) The protein expression of α7-nAChR protein expression in HPC across groups detected by western blot; n = 3 per group; one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's t-test. (F–J) ELISA results showing levels of inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-10 in the HPC across groups; n = 6 per group; one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's t-test. (K–Q) Levels of oxidative stress-related markers, including MDA, GSH, GSSG, and the GSH/GSSG ratio measured by LC-MS/MS, as well as GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD activities, were assessed in the HPC across groups; n = 6 per group; one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's t-test. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n defines biological replicates; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. Abbreviations: CON, control; CSD, chronic sleep deprivation; CHOCSD, choline-supplemented chronic deprivation; ACh, acetylcholine; α7-nAChR, alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; HPC, hippocampus; MDA, malondialdehyde; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase.