Table 2. Crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for all statistically significant associations between intimate partner violence and the selected variables – Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022.
| Explanatory variable | Unadjusted OR | P value | CI | Unadjusted OR | P value | CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 20–24 | 1.06 | 0.825 | 0.64–1.74 | 0.76 | 0.419 | 0.40–1.47 |
| 25–29 | 1.29 | 0.285 | 0.81–2.05 | 0.81 | 0.484 | 0.44–1.48 |
| 30–34 | 1.65 | 0.032 | 1.04–2.62 | 1.05 | 0.878 | 0.57–1.93 |
| 35–39 | 1.39 | 0.167 | 0.87–2.22 | 0.79 | 0.465 | 0.42–1.49 |
| 40–44 | 1.62 | 0.037 | 1.03–2.56 | 0.76 | 0.411 | 0.40–1.45 |
| 45–49 | 1.38 | 0.189 | 0.85–2.23 | 0.69 | 0.273 | 0.36–1.34 |
| Education (Respondent/Women) | ||||||
| No Education | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Primary | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.51–0.73 | 0.63 | 0.001 | 0.48–0.83 |
| Secondary | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.27–0.41 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.34–0.69 |
| Higher | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.04–0.18 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.08–0.45 |
| Education (husband/partner) | ||||||
| No Education | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Primary | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.49–0.77 | 0.73 | 0.015 | 0.56–0.94 |
| Secondary | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.26–0.43 | 0.66 | 0.012 | 0.47–0.91 |
| Higher | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.08–0.22 | 0.50 | 0.027 | 0.27–0.92 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Professional, Technical, Managerial, Clerical, Sales | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Not working | 1.68 | 0.003 | 1.19–2.36 | 1.12 | 0.565 | 0.76–1.66 |
| Agriculture, Self-employed, Skilled manual, Unskilled manual, Other | 2.02 | <0.001 | 1.52–2.68 | 1.08 | 0.660 | 0.77–1.52 |
| Wealth | ||||||
| Poorest | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Poorer | 1.38 | 0.009 | 1.08–1.77 | 1.36 | 0.032 | 1.03–1.81 |
| Middle | 1.16 | 0251 | 0.90–1.51 | 1.21 | 0.231 | 0.89–1.64 |
| Richer | 0.99 | 0.916 | 0.76-1.28 | 1.33 | 0.084 | 0.96–1.83 |
| Richest | 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.38–0.69 | 1.11 | 0.612 | 0.74–1.66 |
| Residence | 0.009 | 1.08–1.77 | 1.36 | 0.032 | 1.03–1.81 | |
| Urban | Reference | Not Applicable | ||||
| Rural | 1.03 | 0.781 | 0.84–1.27 | |||
| Children | ||||||
| No children | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 1–2 children | 1.55 | 0.010 | 1.11–2.17 | 1.29 | 0.283 | 0.81–2.05 |
| 3–4 children | 2.78 | <0.001 | 2.01–3.83 | 2.00 | 0.006 | 1.22–3.27 |
| 5–10 children | 3.21 | <0.001 | 1.99–5.17 | 2.08 | 0.039 | 1.04–4.16 |
| Decision making | ||||||
| Did not participate | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Participated | 0.67 | 0.002 | 0.52–0.86 | 0.80 | 0.126 | 0.60–1.07 |
| Acceptance of IPV | ||||||
| Not justified | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Justified | 1.39 | 0.003 | 1.12–1.72 | 1.18 | 0.188 | 0.92–1.50 |
| Alcohol use by partner/husband | ||||||
| Does not use alcohol | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Uses alcohol | Reference | <0.001 | 1.92–2.65 | 1.76 | <0.001 | 1.45–2.13 |
| Knowledge of Parental IPV | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 2.47 | <0.001 | 2.01–3.03 | 2.06 | <0.001 | 1.60–2.64 |
| Controling behavior | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 6.09 | <0.001 | 5.08–7.30 | 6.25 | <0.001 | 5.15–7.58 |
OR = Odds Ratio. CI = Confidence Interval.