Table 1.
Potential biomarkers related to severity, death or relapses of VL in HIV co-infected patients.
| Immunopathogenic mechanism | Biomarkers | Relapses | Severity and Death |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immune activation | Cytokine storm | 16 | 58 |
| CD38 and HLA-DR on T cells | 15, 67 | – | |
| Parasite load | 175 | – | |
| Anti-Leishmania IgG3 | 15 | – | |
| Soluble CD14 | 15 | 58 | |
| Deficient immune reconstitution | CD4+ T cells absolute counts | 12, 15, 62, 178-184 | 184 |
| sjTREC | 16 | – | |
| Vβ disturbances | 16 | – | |
| Immunosuppression | Antigen-specific IFN-γ | 62 | – |
| Anergy/Exhaustion | 62, 136 | – |