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. 2025 Mar 25;15:10306. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-95047-1

Table 1.

Data used in this study.

Data Description Source Resolution (m) Year
Land use and land cover (LULC) data Typical black soil region in Northeast China CLCD 30 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020
Administrative division data Administrative boundary of province RESDC 2022
Socio-economic data Gross Domestic Product (GDP) National Bureau of Statistics (https://www.stats.gov.cn/) 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020
Population density Resource and Environmental Science Data Platform (https://www.resdc.cn/) 1000
Government residence
Road Open Street Map
Railway
Natural environment data DEM Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn/) 30 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020
Slope Calculated based on DEM data 30
River Open Street Map
Temperature Resource and Environmental Science Data Platform(https://www.resdc.cn/) 1000
Precipitation