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. 2025 Mar 26;25:235. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05582-z

Table 4.

Sex differences in the EF skills variables, MC variables, and participants’ age

Boys, n = 147 Girls, n = 125 U-Mann–Whitney test p Effect size, rb
M SD M SD
Verbal working memory 19.1 3.36 19.2 3.76 8911 .668 .030
Visual working memory 70.1 20.07 72.0 19.81 8644 .401 .059
Cognitive inhibition 11.0 3.20 11.2 2.89 8719 .466 .051
Motor inhibition 26.2 4.49 27.1 3.12 8396 .215 .086
Cognitive flexibility 20.1 3.20 20.7 2.78 8072 .082 .121
Manual dexterity skills 24.6 7.50 27.1 7.23 7264 .003 .209
Aiming and catching skills 17.1 4.62 15.6 4.19 7586 .013 .174
Balance skills 28.7 6.37 30.5 5.29 7763 .027 .155
Motor competence 70.4 14.30 73.2 12.79 8137 .104 .114
Age, months 70.5 4.01 70.5 4.26 9157 .962 .003