4-HNE	4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AGE	Advanced glycation end-product
AHR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AIF	Apoptosis-inducing factor
AKT/PKB	Protein kinase B
AMPA	Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BAK	Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
BAX	Bcl-2-associated X protein
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BPH	Benign prostatic hyperplasia
CCL2	C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
CCL4	C-C motif chemokine ligand 4
CD25	Cluster of differentiation 25
CD4	Cluster of differentiation 4
CDK4/6	Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6
CDK5	Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
CMA	Chaperone-mediated autophagy
CNS	Central nervous system
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COX-1	Cyclooxygenase 1
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase 2
CRH	Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CXCL10	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10
CXCL12	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12
CXCR4	C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
CYP3A4	Cytochrome P450 3A4
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns
DC	Dendritic cell
DDR	DNA damage response
DHEA	Dehydroepiandrosterone
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DPPC	Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
FoxP3	Forkhead box P3
GDF-15	Growth differentiation factor 15
GERD	Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GH	Growth hormone
GHRH	Growth hormone-releasing hormone
GI	Gastrointestinal system
GLAST	Glutamate aspartate transporter
GLT-1	Glutamate transporter 1
GM-CSF	Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GnRH	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GPX7	Glutathione peroxidase 7
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
HSP70	70 kDa heat shock protein
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
IGFBP-2	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2
IKK	IκB Kinase
IL-10	Interleukin 10
IL-12	Interleukin 12
IL-17	Interleukin 17
IL-18	Interleukin 18
IL-1α	Interleukin 1 alpha
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-2	Interleukin 2
IL-4	Interleukin 4
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IL-8	Interleukin 8
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LTD	Long-term depression
LTP	Long-term potentiation
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MEK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MMP	Matrix metalloproteinase
MMP-13	Matrix metalloproteinase 13
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinase 2
MMP-3	Matrix metalloproteinase 3
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase 9
MOMP	Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
NFT	Neurofibrillary tangle
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NSAID	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p16	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
p21	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1
P450	Cytochrome P450
p53	Tumor protein P53
PAR	Poly (ADP-ribose)
PARP-1	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
PEN2	Presenilin enhancer 2
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPARα	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PSD-95	Postsynaptic density protein 95
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog
PTM	Post-translational modification
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acid
RAAS	Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
Rb	Retinoblastoma
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Runx2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
SASP	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
T3	Triiodothyronine
T4	Thyroxine
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TIMP	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNFR	Tumor necrosis factor receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TP53	Tumor protein p53
Treg	Regulatory T cell
UPS	Ubiquitin–proteasome system
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
ZO	Zonula occludens