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. 2025 Mar 18;14(6):450. doi: 10.3390/cells14060450

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Gemcitabine and paclitaxel treatments of monoculture and TCC spheroids reveal different drug resistance profiles depending on the tumor microenvironment. (a) Methodology scheme to measure the cell viability of spheroids with CellTiter-Glo® after 5 days of drug treatment. (b) Cell viability curves of gemcitabine- and paclitaxel-treated monoculture and TCC spheroids. The x-axis in the combination plots corresponds to the gemcitabine concentrations used; however paclitaxel was co-administered in a 1:8 ratio (paclitaxel–gemcitabine). (c) Area under the curve as a measure of drug resistance of monoculture alone, and a comparison of monoculture and TCC spheroids per cancer cell line. (d) Area under the curve results of TCC spheroids. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n ≥ 7 from three independent experiments). All data were normalized to an untreated and 100% cell death control. Gem: gemcitabine; Pac: paclitaxel; A.u.: arbitrary units. Statistics were performed using linear mixed models with either the treatment or the spheroid combination as fixed effect using JMP Pro v17.0.0 software. For multiple comparisons of all experimental groups, Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) was used. ** = p ≤ 0.01; **** = p ≤ 0.0001.