7TM receptors	seven transmembrane domain receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
9-PAHSA	palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid
Ω-3 FAs	omega-3-fatty acids
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ALA	alpha-linolenic acid
ANGPTL2	angiopoietin-like 2 protein
APCs	antigen-presenting cells
ARRβ2	beta-arrestin 2
AT	adipose tissue
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BAT	brown adipose tissue
BMI	body mass index
cAMP	cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate
CCK	cholecystokinin
CICR	calcium-induced calcium release
CNS	central nervous system
cpdA	compound A
CRF2	corticotropin-releasing factor type-2
CRF2R	corticotropin-releasing factor type-2 receptor
CTL	cytotoxic T lymphocyte
DAG	diacyl glycerol
DHA	docosahexaenoic acid
DIO	diet-induced obesity
DPP-IV	dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
EC50	half maximal effective concentration
ECL1–ECL3	three extracellular loops (from 1 to 3) forming the GPCR
eNAMPT	extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
EPA	eicosapentaenoic acid
ERK1/2	extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2
ERKs	extracellular signal-regulated kinases
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FFAR1	free fatty acid receptor 1, also known as GPR40
FFAR4	free fatty acid receptor 4, also known as GPR120
FFAs	free fatty acids
FGF-21	fibroblast growth factor-21
GDP	guanosine diphosphate
GEF	guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GHIH	growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, also known as somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)
GIP	gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors, also known as seven transmembrane domain (7TM) receptors
GPR40	G protein-coupled receptor 40, also known as FFAR1
GPR120	G protein-coupled receptor 120, also known as FFAR4
GPR120L	a long form of GPR120,
GPR120S	a short form of GPR120
GRAFS	acronym defining classification of GPCRs that stands for glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2, and Secretin
GSIS	glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GSSS	glucose-stimulated somatostatin secretion
GTP	guanosine triphosphate
HbA1c	hemoglobin A1C
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HEC	human embryonic kidney
HFD	high-fat diet
HIF-1	hypoxia-induced factor 1
ICL1–ICL3	three intracellular loops (from 1 to 3) forming the GPCR
IFN-γ	interferon gamma
IKKβ	nuclear factor kappa-B kinase
IL1R	interleukin 1 receptor
IL-1RA	interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
ILs	interleukins, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8),
iNAMPT	intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
INSR	insulin receptor
IP3	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
IR	insulin resistance
IRSs	insulin receptor substrates
IVGTT	intravenous glucose tolerance test
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KATP	ATP-sensitive potassium channels
LA	linolenic acid
LCFAs	long-chain fatty acids
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAP3K7	TGF-β activated kinase 1
M1, M2 macrophages	classically activated and alternatively activated macrophages, respectively
MARTs	mono ADP-ribosyl transferases
MCFAs	medium-chain fatty acids
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, also known as CCL2
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
MiMP	mitochondrial membrane potential
NAc	nucleus accumben
N.A.D.	denotes no data or ambiguous data
NAFLD	nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NAMPT	nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
NCG	N-Carbamoyl-Beta-D-Glucopyranosylamine
NEMO	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кB) essential modulator
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRP3 inflammasome	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLR) family member 3 inflammasome
PARPs	poly ADP-ribose polymerases
PC1/3	proprotein convertase 1/3
PDX1	pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1
pERK1/2	phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PIP2	phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PKC	protein kinase C
PLC-β	phospholipase C-beta
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PUFAs	polyunsaturated fatty acids
RAW 264.7	monocyte/macrophage-like cell line
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RXRα	retinoid X receptor alpha
SAAs	sulfur amino acids
S1P	sphingosine-1-phosphate
S1P1	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SNP	single-nucleotide polymorphism
SPM	specialized pro-resolving mediator
SRIF	somatotropin release inhibiting factor, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
STC-1	secretin tumor cell line 1
S-V cells	stromal–vascular cells
T2D	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TAB1	TAK1 binding protein 1
TAK1	TGFβ-activated kinase 1
TGFβ	transforming growth factor-beta
Th1, Th2, Th17	types of lymphocyte subpopulations
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TM1–TM7	seven transmembrane heptahelical structures (from 1 to 7) forming GPCR
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
UCN3	urocortin 3
UCP1	uncoupling protein 1
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
WAT	white adipose tissue
ZDF	Zucker Diabetic Fatty (rats)