Table 3.
Behavior of the reported inflammatory biomarkers.
| Author, Year | Patients (I/C) | Product (Formulation and Dose) | Evaluated Biomarkers | Sample Type | Results on Inflammatory Biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ray K.J. et al., 2022 [34] |
n = 49 I: 22 C: 27 |
Probiotic. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Daily supplementation, oral route. | Calprotectin | Fecal | The use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was associated with a higher frequency of Bifidobacterium-dominant microbiota, which led to lower fecal calprotectin levels. |
| Freitas et al., 2018 [37] |
n = 41 I: 22 C: 19 |
Synbiotic; 5.5 g/day fructooligosaccharides (FOSs); L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, B. lactis (108–109 CFU/day per strain). Powder, oral route. | IL-12, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, MPO, NOx | Serum | Significant differences in NOx levels were found after supplementation with the product. In the group that received synbiotics with positive bacteriological results, reductions in IL-6 (p = 0.033) and IL-8 (p = 0.009) were observed. |
| Van Biervliet et al., 2018 [39] |
n = 31 I: 17 C: 14 |
Probiotic. Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 (DSM 21690) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. BLC1 (LGM23512), 1010 CFU/day, oral route. | Calprotectin | Fecal | Although 61% of the patients initially showed abnormal calprotectin values, there were no statistically significant changes in this marker following probiotic supplementation. |
| Del campo R. et al., 2014 [40] |
n = 30 I: 15 C: 15 |
Probiotic. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 (108 CFU). Chewable tablet, 1 tablet/day, oral route. | Calprotectin, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-12 | Fecal | CF patients who received probiotic supplementation showed lower calprotectin levels compared to the placebo group (20.3 vs. 33.8 μg/mL; p = 0.003). No differences were noted in other biomarkers. |
| Bruzzee E. et al., 2014 [41] |
n = 22 I: 10 C: 12 |
Probiotic. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (6 × 109 CFU/day). Capsule, oral route. | Calprotectin, rNO | Fecal | Children with CF had elevated fecal calprotectin and rectal nitric oxide levels compared to healthy controls. Lactobacillus GG administration reduced fecal calprotectin levels and partially restored the gut microbiota in CF patients. |
| Di Nardo G. et al., 2014 [42] |
n = 60 I: 30 C: 30 |
Probiotic. Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC55730 (1010 CFU). Five drops/day, oral route. | Calprotectin, TNF-α, IL-8 | Fecal, Serum | No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in fecal calprotectin or the measured cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8). |
| Fallahi G. et al., 2013 [44] |
n = 47 I: 24 C: 23 |
Synbiotic. Fructooligosaccharides plus a bacterial mix at 1 × 109 CFU per sachet, containing L. casei, L. rhamnosus, S. thermophilus, B. breve, L. acidophilus, B. infantis, L. bulgaricus. One sachet/day, oral route. | Calprotectin | Fecal | At baseline, patients in the probiotic group had an average fecal calprotectin level of 101 μg/g, whereas those in the placebo group had 70.22 μg/g. After probiotic supplementation, levels in the intervention arm were significantly lower than in the placebo group (56.2 μg/g vs. 182.1 μg/g; p = 0.031). |
IL-12: interleukin-12; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-8: interleukin-8; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NOx: nitric oxide metabolites; rNO: rectal nitric oxide; CF: cystic fibrosis.