View full-text article in PMC Sensors (Basel). 2025 Mar 18;25(6):1876. doi: 10.3390/s25061876 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 1: Multi-Source M-FUDA Training Data:N labelled source domains {Dsi}i=1N={xsi(j),ysi(j)}j=1Msi=1N and unlabelled target domain Dt={xt(j)}j=1Mt Result:Optimized pre-trained ResNet50 (F) [80], N trained domain-specific feature extractors Hi1i1=1N, and N trained domain-specific classifiers Ci2i2=1N