Recommendation Table 29.

Recommendations for kidney protection

Recommendations	Class a	Level b	Ref c
Routinely targeting a high MAP using vasoconstrictors is not recommended during CPB to reduce AKI.	III	A	377,378,380,381
The intravenous infusion of a balanced mixture of amino acids should be considered perioperatively, including during CPB, to reduce the occurrence of AKI.	IIa	B	383
The perioperative use of intravenous NAC may be considered in patients with CKD to reduce AKI after cardiac surgery.	IIb	B	385, 386, 387

AKI: acute kidney injury; CKD: chronic kidney injury; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; MAP: mean arterial pressure; NAC: N-acetylcysteine.

^aClass of recommendation.

^bLevel of evidence.

^cReferences.