. 2025 Mar 27;21:210. doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04670-7

Table 2.

Total antioxidant status (TAS) in the egg yolk, yolk memrane, resudial yolk membrane and liver, and plasma testosterone concentration of male broiler chicks exposed to in ovo L-carnitine injection

	Yolk/Yolk mebrane TAS, nmol/l	Liver TAS mmol/l	Plasma testosterone pg/ml
In ovo L-carnitine injection (Group)
C	0.57 ± 0.04^A	1.66 ± 0.04	67.39 ± 3.77^B
IOPW	0.41 ± 0.04^B	1.60 ± 0.03	77.67 ± 4.45^AB
IOPW + L–car	0.45 ± 0.05^AB	1.61 ± 0.03	88.90 ± 4.26^A
P value	0.053	0.881	0.003
Age, day
Embryonic age 0¹	1.75 ± 0.06^A	⁻	⁻
19	0.54 ± 0.04^B	⁻	⁻
Chick age 0²	0.42 ± 0.03^B	1.73 ± 0.02^A	63.13 ± 3.94^B
3	-	1.59 ± 0.03^B	89.41 ± 4.25^A
7	-	1.53 ± 0.04^B	81.44 ± 4.33^A
P value	P < .001	0.008	P < 001
Group*Age
P value	0.051	0.043	0.027

^AB Different superscript means differ significantly p < 0.05. C Control, non—injection group, IOPW In ovo pure water group, IOPW + L—car In ovo L—carnitine group added pure water. ¹At onset of incubation, ²At hatching, or at day 21 of incubation