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. 2025 Mar 14;16:1526694. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1526694

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population by quartiles of UACR.

Variable UACR (mg/g) quartiles
Overall Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 P-value
Age, y, mean (SE) 46.44 (0.30) 42.06 (0.41) 45.40 (0.44) 47.77 (0.43) 51.50 (0.40) <0.0001
Age strata, y, n (%) <0.0001
 20–39 6484 (37.99) 2123 (47.57) 1737 (39.05) 1467 (34.70) 1157 (28.74)
 40–59 6079 (38.08) 1571 (38.59) 1592 (39.76) 1501 (37.74) 1415 (35.86)
 ≥60 5177 (23.93) 769 (13.84) 1102 (21.19) 1447 (27.56) 1859 (35.40)
Sex, n (%) <0.0001
 Female 9024 (50.75) 1445 (31.56) 2246 (51.18) 2624 (59.71) 2709 (63.73)
 Male 8716 (49.25) 3018 (68.44) 2185 (48.82) 1791 (40.29) 1722 (36.27)
Race, n (%) <0.001
 Mexican American 2498 (8.06) 521 (7.18) 635 (8.05) 686 (8.45) 656 (8.72)
 Non-Hispanic White 7610 (68.95) 1879 (68.17) 1925 (69.57) 1907 (69.72) 1899 (68.32)
 Non-Hispanic Black 3522 (9.84) 1078 (11.81) 847 (9.11) 750 (8.37) 847 (9.90)
 Other Hispanic 1782 (5.55) 398 (5.34) 457 (5.71) 446 (5.39) 481 (5.78)
 Other Race 2328 (7.60) 587 (7.50) 567 (7.55) 626 (8.07) 548 (7.29)
Marital status, n (%) <0.0001
 Divorced/Separated/Widowed 3599 (17.10) 604 (11.29) 811 (15.79) 987 (18.87) 1197 (23.73)
 Married/Living with a partner 10694 (64.21) 2772 (65.73) 2727 (65.76) 2646 (63.63) 2549 (61.18)
 Never married 3447 (18.69) 1087 (22.97) 893 (18.45) 782 (17.50) 685 (15.09)
Education levels, n (%) <0.0001
 High school and below 7507 (34.88) 1728 (32.86) 1792 (33.08) 1921 (35.59) 2066 (38.65)
 Above high school 10233 (65.12) 2735 (67.14) 2639 (66.92) 2494 (64.41) 2365 (61.35)
Poverty ratio, n (%) <0.0001
 <1.3 5459 (20.34) 1285 (18.88) 1323 (19.10) 1396 (21.06) 1455 (22.77)
 1.3-3.5 6576 (35.13) 1591 (33.11) 1586 (33.86) 1655 (35.77) 1744 (38.37)
 >3.5 5705 (44.53) 1587 (48.01) 1522 (47.04) 1364 (43.17) 1232 (38.86)
BMI, n (%) <0.0001
 <18.5 243 (1.34) 34 (0.61) 48 (0.96) 57 (1.43) 104 (2.59)
 18.5-24.99 4843 (27.69) 1157 (25.44) 1246 (28.31) 1271 (28.63) 1169 (28.69)
 25-29.99 5868 (33.25) 1635 (37.53) 1520 (35.23) 1353 (31.32) 1360 (27.88)
 ≥30 6786 (37.71) 1637 (36.43) 1617 (35.50) 1734 (38.62) 1798 (40.84)
Smoke, n (%) 0.01
 No 10105 (57.12) 2579 (58.74) 2577 (58.59) 2498 (56.14) 2451 (54.49)
 Yes 7635 (42.88) 1884 (41.26) 1854 (41.41) 1917 (43.86) 1980 (45.51)
Alcohol user, n (%) <0.0001
 Never 2365 (9.89) 460 (8.13) 561 (9.81) 641 (10.44) 703 (11.53)
 Former 2372 (11.01) 512 (9.68) 574 (10.85) 605 (11.46) 681 (12.32)
 Now 13003 (79.10) 3491 (82.19) 3296 (79.34) 3169 (78.10) 3047 (76.15)
Moderate recreational activity, n (%) <0.0001
 No 8561 (42.92) 1872 (38.09) 2041 (41.06) 2202 (43.55) 2446 (50.27)
 Yes 9179 (57.08) 2591 (61.91) 2390 (58.94) 2213 (56.45) 1985 (49.73)
Sitting time, n (%) 0.61
 <5 6856 (35.10) 1717 (35.05) 1738 (36.03) 1726 (35.11) 1675 (34.09)
 ≥5 10884 (64.90) 2746 (64.95) 2693 (63.97) 2689 (64.89) 2756 (65.91)
Hypertension, n (%) <0.0001
 No 11947 (70.52) 3415 (77.73) 3169 (73.97) 2874 (68.59) 2489 (59.84)
 Yes 5793 (29.48) 1048 (22.27) 1262 (26.03) 1541 (31.41) 1942 (40.16)
Diabetes, n (%) <0.0001
 No 15544 (90.21) 4147 (94.52) 4000 (91.90) 3827 (89.46) 3570 (83.81)
 Borderline 430 (2.08) 86 (1.77) 98 (1.88) 113 (2.36) 133 (2.38)
 Yes 1766 (7.72) 230 (3.71) 333 (6.22) 475 (8.18) 728 (13.81)
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) <0.0001
 No 5406 (31.12) 1633 (36.35) 1394 (32.16) 1276 (29.81) 1103 (25.00)
 Yes 12334 (68.88) 2830 (63.65) 3037 (67.84) 3139 (70.19) 3328 (75.00)
CVD, n (%) <0.0001
 No 17355 (98.30) 4391 (98.96) 4362 (98.93) 4323 (98.40) 4279 (96.67)
 Yes 385 (1.70) 72 (1.04) 69 (1.07) 92 (1.60) 152 (3.33)
eGFR (mL/min), mean (SE) 95.51 (0.39) 95.03 (0.49) 97.08 (0.56) 96.13 (0.56) 93.60 (0.51) <0.0001
Uric acid (µmol/L), mean (SE) 320.59 (0.91) 339.95 (1.61) 315.35 (1.64) 311.82 (1.74) 312.79 (1.70) <0.0001
Kidney stone, n (%) <0.001
 No 16138 (90.36) 4150 (92.13) 4073 (91.27) 3993 (89.26) 3922 (88.35)
 Yes 1602 (9.64) 313 (7.87) 358 (8.73) 422 (10.74) 509 (11.65)

UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; BMI, Body mass index; CVD, Cardiovascular disease.