Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by quartiles of UACR.
| Variable | UACR (mg/g) quartiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P-value | |
| Age, y, mean (SE) | 46.44 (0.30) | 42.06 (0.41) | 45.40 (0.44) | 47.77 (0.43) | 51.50 (0.40) | <0.0001 |
| Age strata, y, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| 20–39 | 6484 (37.99) | 2123 (47.57) | 1737 (39.05) | 1467 (34.70) | 1157 (28.74) | |
| 40–59 | 6079 (38.08) | 1571 (38.59) | 1592 (39.76) | 1501 (37.74) | 1415 (35.86) | |
| ≥60 | 5177 (23.93) | 769 (13.84) | 1102 (21.19) | 1447 (27.56) | 1859 (35.40) | |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Female | 9024 (50.75) | 1445 (31.56) | 2246 (51.18) | 2624 (59.71) | 2709 (63.73) | |
| Male | 8716 (49.25) | 3018 (68.44) | 2185 (48.82) | 1791 (40.29) | 1722 (36.27) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 2498 (8.06) | 521 (7.18) | 635 (8.05) | 686 (8.45) | 656 (8.72) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 7610 (68.95) | 1879 (68.17) | 1925 (69.57) | 1907 (69.72) | 1899 (68.32) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3522 (9.84) | 1078 (11.81) | 847 (9.11) | 750 (8.37) | 847 (9.90) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1782 (5.55) | 398 (5.34) | 457 (5.71) | 446 (5.39) | 481 (5.78) | |
| Other Race | 2328 (7.60) | 587 (7.50) | 567 (7.55) | 626 (8.07) | 548 (7.29) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 3599 (17.10) | 604 (11.29) | 811 (15.79) | 987 (18.87) | 1197 (23.73) | |
| Married/Living with a partner | 10694 (64.21) | 2772 (65.73) | 2727 (65.76) | 2646 (63.63) | 2549 (61.18) | |
| Never married | 3447 (18.69) | 1087 (22.97) | 893 (18.45) | 782 (17.50) | 685 (15.09) | |
| Education levels, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| High school and below | 7507 (34.88) | 1728 (32.86) | 1792 (33.08) | 1921 (35.59) | 2066 (38.65) | |
| Above high school | 10233 (65.12) | 2735 (67.14) | 2639 (66.92) | 2494 (64.41) | 2365 (61.35) | |
| Poverty ratio, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <1.3 | 5459 (20.34) | 1285 (18.88) | 1323 (19.10) | 1396 (21.06) | 1455 (22.77) | |
| 1.3-3.5 | 6576 (35.13) | 1591 (33.11) | 1586 (33.86) | 1655 (35.77) | 1744 (38.37) | |
| >3.5 | 5705 (44.53) | 1587 (48.01) | 1522 (47.04) | 1364 (43.17) | 1232 (38.86) | |
| BMI, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <18.5 | 243 (1.34) | 34 (0.61) | 48 (0.96) | 57 (1.43) | 104 (2.59) | |
| 18.5-24.99 | 4843 (27.69) | 1157 (25.44) | 1246 (28.31) | 1271 (28.63) | 1169 (28.69) | |
| 25-29.99 | 5868 (33.25) | 1635 (37.53) | 1520 (35.23) | 1353 (31.32) | 1360 (27.88) | |
| ≥30 | 6786 (37.71) | 1637 (36.43) | 1617 (35.50) | 1734 (38.62) | 1798 (40.84) | |
| Smoke, n (%) | 0.01 | |||||
| No | 10105 (57.12) | 2579 (58.74) | 2577 (58.59) | 2498 (56.14) | 2451 (54.49) | |
| Yes | 7635 (42.88) | 1884 (41.26) | 1854 (41.41) | 1917 (43.86) | 1980 (45.51) | |
| Alcohol user, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 2365 (9.89) | 460 (8.13) | 561 (9.81) | 641 (10.44) | 703 (11.53) | |
| Former | 2372 (11.01) | 512 (9.68) | 574 (10.85) | 605 (11.46) | 681 (12.32) | |
| Now | 13003 (79.10) | 3491 (82.19) | 3296 (79.34) | 3169 (78.10) | 3047 (76.15) | |
| Moderate recreational activity, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 8561 (42.92) | 1872 (38.09) | 2041 (41.06) | 2202 (43.55) | 2446 (50.27) | |
| Yes | 9179 (57.08) | 2591 (61.91) | 2390 (58.94) | 2213 (56.45) | 1985 (49.73) | |
| Sitting time, n (%) | 0.61 | |||||
| <5 | 6856 (35.10) | 1717 (35.05) | 1738 (36.03) | 1726 (35.11) | 1675 (34.09) | |
| ≥5 | 10884 (64.90) | 2746 (64.95) | 2693 (63.97) | 2689 (64.89) | 2756 (65.91) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 11947 (70.52) | 3415 (77.73) | 3169 (73.97) | 2874 (68.59) | 2489 (59.84) | |
| Yes | 5793 (29.48) | 1048 (22.27) | 1262 (26.03) | 1541 (31.41) | 1942 (40.16) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 15544 (90.21) | 4147 (94.52) | 4000 (91.90) | 3827 (89.46) | 3570 (83.81) | |
| Borderline | 430 (2.08) | 86 (1.77) | 98 (1.88) | 113 (2.36) | 133 (2.38) | |
| Yes | 1766 (7.72) | 230 (3.71) | 333 (6.22) | 475 (8.18) | 728 (13.81) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 5406 (31.12) | 1633 (36.35) | 1394 (32.16) | 1276 (29.81) | 1103 (25.00) | |
| Yes | 12334 (68.88) | 2830 (63.65) | 3037 (67.84) | 3139 (70.19) | 3328 (75.00) | |
| CVD, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 17355 (98.30) | 4391 (98.96) | 4362 (98.93) | 4323 (98.40) | 4279 (96.67) | |
| Yes | 385 (1.70) | 72 (1.04) | 69 (1.07) | 92 (1.60) | 152 (3.33) | |
| eGFR (mL/min), mean (SE) | 95.51 (0.39) | 95.03 (0.49) | 97.08 (0.56) | 96.13 (0.56) | 93.60 (0.51) | <0.0001 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L), mean (SE) | 320.59 (0.91) | 339.95 (1.61) | 315.35 (1.64) | 311.82 (1.74) | 312.79 (1.70) | <0.0001 |
| Kidney stone, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 16138 (90.36) | 4150 (92.13) | 4073 (91.27) | 3993 (89.26) | 3922 (88.35) | |
| Yes | 1602 (9.64) | 313 (7.87) | 358 (8.73) | 422 (10.74) | 509 (11.65) | |
UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; BMI, Body mass index; CVD, Cardiovascular disease.