Table 1.
Results of risk of bias assessment for randomised clinical trials included in the current meta-analysis by the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB-2)
| Author, year of publication (country) | Bias arising from the randomisation process |
Bias due to deviations from intended interventions |
Bias due to missing outcome data | Bias in measurement of the outcome |
Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Van het Hof et al., 1997 (Netherlands) |
S | S | L | L | L | S |
| De Maat et al., 2000 (Netherlands) |
S | S | L | L | L | S |
| Erba et al., 2007 (Italy) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Fukino et al., 2008 (Japan) |
S | L | L | L | S | S |
| Mohammadi et al., 2010 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Li et al., 2010 (USA) |
L | S | L | L | L | L |
| Basu et al., 2011 (USA) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Sone et al., 2011 (Japan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Bogdanski et al., 2012 (Poland) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Suliburska et al., 2012 (Poland) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mousavi et al., 2013 (Iran) |
L | S | L | L | L | L |
| Basu et al., 2013 (USA) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Lasaite et al., 2014 (Lithuania) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Spadiene et al., 2014 (Lithuania) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Liu et al., 2014 (Taiwan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mielgo-Ayuso et al., 2014 (Spain) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kuo et al., 2015 (Taiwan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Borges et al., 2016 (Brazil) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Lee et al., 2016 (Taiwan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Hussain et al., 2017 (Pakistan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Hadi et al., 2017 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Soeizi et al., 2017 (Iran) |
L | S | L | L | S | S |
| Tabatabaee et al., 2017 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Mombaini et al., 2017 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Nogueira et al., 2017 (Brazil) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Venkatakrishnanet al., 2018 (Taiwan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Shin et al., 2018 (South Korea) |
S | S | L | L | L | S |
| Maeda-Yamamoto et al., 2018 (Japan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Azizbeigi et al., 2019 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Bagheri et al., 2020 (Iran) |
L | S | L | L | L | L |
| Benlloch et al., 2020 (Spain) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Hadi et al., 2020 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Kondori et al., 2021 (Iran) |
L | S | L | L | L | L |
| Bazyar et al., 2021 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| El-Elimat et al., 2022 (Jordan) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Naderifard al., 2022 (Iran) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Rondanelli al., 2023 (Italy) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Ahmed Merza Mohammadet al., 2023 (Iraq) |
L | L | L | L | L | L |
H: high risk, L: low risk, S: some concerns.