Table 3.

Anticancer Potential of Diosgenin Nanoformulations in Several Cancers (With Their Mode of Action)

Diosgenin nanoformulation	Cancer cell/Animal model	Cancer type	Mode of action	Reference
Poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)-encapsulated diosgenin nanoparticles	MCF-7 cells	Breast Cancer	Exhibited significant cytotoxic activity Facilitated cellular internalization of diosgenin	[143]
	Mice tumor xenograft model (Swiss albino mice)	Breast Cancer	Tumor regression Downregulation of CD31 and Ki-67 expression	[143]
Diosgenin functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles	MCF7 cells	Breast cancer	Antiproliferative Apoptosis inducing potential	[126]
Diosgenin encapsulated PCL-Pluronic nanoparticles	U87-MG cells	Brain cancer	Displayed: Higher toxicity High encapsulation efficiency Loading efficiency and yield	[127]
Nanoparticles encapsulating diosgenin DIO@CS NPs	A431 cells	Skin cancer	Anticancer activity Released diosgenin diffusion-controlled in drug release Novel skin cancer therapy	[128]
Diosgenin loaded into niosome	HepG2 cells	Hepatocellular cancer	Increased solubility and efficiency Increased loading efficiency of diosgenin with sustainable and controllable release rate	[129]
Diosgenin encapsulated poly-glycerol malate co-dodecanedioate nanoparticles	A549 cells	Lung carcinoma	Potential anticancer efficacy Dissolution controlled drug release pattern	[130]
Fluorophore-appended derivative of diosgenin	Hep-G2 cells	Liver cancer	Induced ER swelling, mitochondrial damage, and autophagosome Upregulated IRE-1α levels leading to autophagy induction and activated caspase-8-dependent apoptosis	[131]
Nano diosgenin	DMBA administered tumor-bearing rats	Breast Cancer	Decreased DMBA Induced renal and hepatic toxicities	[137]
Quaternized nanocellulose (Q-NC) and diosgenin-conjugate alginate particles	A549 and MCF-7 cells	Lung Cancer and Breast Cancer	Potent cyto-inhibitor High cellular uptake	[142]
Gold nanoformulations loaded with diosgenin	HCT116 and HCC1954 cells	Colorectal cancer and Breast cancer	In-vitro antiproliferative activities	[141]
Diosgenin-conjugated PCL–MPEG polymeric nanoparticles	L929, K-562, SAOS-2, and MCF-7 cells	Fibroblast, leukemia, osteosarcoma, breast carcinoma	High encapsulation efficacy High drug loading capacity Better colloidal stability	[139]
CNT functionalized with carboxylic acid (CNTCOOH), loaded with both FUA and DGN	A549, HepG2 and MCF7 cells	Non-small-cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and breast cancer	Growth inhibition of cancer cells Apoptosis induction Inhibition of lncRNA expression	[144]