Table 1.
Association between baseline characteristics and lung cancer mortality in life-long never smokers: Follow-up of study members in the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Surveys
| Number of people | Number of deaths | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age (10-year change) | 91588 | 85 | 2.45 (2.11, 2.85) | <0.001 |
| Male vs female | 91588 | 85 | 2.25 (1.46, 3.48) | <0.001 |
| Non-white ethnicity vs white | 91530 | 85 | 0.79 (0.28, 2.23) | 0.65 |
| Low educational attainment vs higher | 91487 | 85 | 1.09 (0.69, 1.73) | 0.71 |
| Manual occupational social class vs non-manual | 84051 | 79 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) | 0.94 |
| Health behaviours | ||||
| High fruit and vegetable consumption (≥5 servings/day) vs less | 91588 | 85 | 2.29 (1.25, 4.17) | <0.01 |
| Consumes alcoholic beverages vs abstinence | 90305 | 85 | 1.51 (0.77, 2.95) | 0.23 |
| Low leisure time physical activity vs higher | 56436 | 50 | 1.09 (0.61, 1.96) | 0.76 |
| Passive smoking (≥0.1 ng/mL blood/saliva cotinine) vs lower | 39384 | 32 | 0.86 (0.33, 2.25) | 0.75 |
| Health history | ||||
| Poor self-reported general health vs higher | 91576 | 85 | 1.07 (0.46, 2.47) | 0.87 |
| High psychological distress (GHQ-12≥4) versus lower | 91588 | 85 | 1.26 (0.74, 2.15) | 0.39 |
| Physiological factors | ||||
| Sex-standardised z-score for BMI | 82366 | 69 | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 0.09 |
| Sex-standardised z-score for height | 86047 | 72 | 1.06 (0.83, 1.37) | 0.63 |
| Per doubling of C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 19007 | 24 | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 0.78 |
| Respiratory factors | ||||
| Any longstanding respiratory condition vs none | 91576 | 85 | 1.13 (0.52, 2.46) | 0.75 |
| Use of any respiratory medication vs none | 84838 | 80 | 1.19 (0.52, 2.74) | 0.68 |
| Global Lung Function Initiative z-score FEV1 | 25085 | 23 | 1.27 (0.91, 1.77) | 0.15 |
| Global Lung Function Initiative z-score FVC | 25085 | 23 | 1.26 (0.90, 1.76) | 0.18 |
| Global Lung Function Initiative z-score FEV1/FVC | 25085 | 23 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 0.42 |
Hazard ratios are age- and sex-adjusted. In selected survey years, no attempt was made to collect data on CRP, lung function, physical activity, and cotinine hence the lower sample size. GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second; FVC, Forced Vital Capacity