Table 2.
Meta-analysis results of 26 outcomes.
| Outcomes | Studies, n | Participants, n | Heterogeneity | Statistical method | Effect estimate | ||||||
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|
|
IGa | CGb | I2 (%) | P value |
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|
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| GWGc | 25 | 2155 | 2160 | 54.2 | <.001 | SMDd (inverse variance, random, 95% CI) | –0.19 (–0.25 to –0.13) | ||||
| Proportion of exceeding IOMe GWG | 14 | 1340 | 1335 | 0 | .45 | ORf (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.79 (0.69-0.91) | ||||
| Proportion of meeting IOM GWG | 10 | 812 | 818 | 0 | .85 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.34 (1.10-1.64) | ||||
| Proportion of below IOM GWG | 9 | 786 | 797 | 19.7 | .26 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.19 (0.91-1.55) | ||||
| Gestational diabetes | 12 | 1380 | 1389 | 16.9 | .27 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.87 (0.70-1.08) | ||||
| Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia | 20 | 1704 | 1694 | 7.2 | .37 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.88 (0.70-1.11) | ||||
| Miscarriage | 6 | 14,947 | 127,438 | 0 | .66 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.66 (0.46-0.95) | ||||
| Cesarean delivery | 34 | 17,467 | 129,915 | 0 | .71 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.03 (0.99-1.06) | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 14 | 2247 | 2203 | 0 | .95 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.05 (0.95-1.15) | ||||
| Shoulder dystocia | 4 | 469 | 471 | 20.1 | .29 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.35 (0.12-1.02) | ||||
| Gestational age at delivery | 23 | 2696 | 2634 | 94.8 | <.001 | SMD (inverse variance, random, 95% CI) | –0.004 (–0.27 to 0.26) | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose | 11 | 788 | 773 | 57.4 | .009 | SMD (inverse variance, random, 95% CI) | –0.16 (–0.32 to 0.01) | ||||
| Preterm birth | 22 | 16,115 | 128,580 | 0 | .90 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.80 (0.75-0.86 ) | ||||
| Infant birth weight | 26 | 2681 | 2618 | 39.6 | .02 | SMD (inverse variance, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.02 (–0.06 to 0.09) | ||||
| Infant birth length | 6 | 602 | 608 | 30.6 | .21 | SMD (inverse variance, fixed, 95% CI) | –0.06 (–0.21 to 0.10) | ||||
| Infant head circumference | 5 | 563 | 563 | 0 | .64 | SMD (inverse variance, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.02 (–0.10 to 0.14) | ||||
| Apgar score | 5 | 241 | 240 | 0 | .51 | SMD (inverse variance, fixed, 95% CI) | –0.11 (–0.29 to 0.07) | ||||
| SGAg (≤10%) | 11 | 14,903 | 127,400 | 0 | .90 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.18 (1.14-1.22) | ||||
| LGAh (≥90%) | 13 | 1208 | 1195 | 0 | .73 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.91 (0.69-1.19) | ||||
| Macrosomia | 17 | 1707 | 1692 | 0 | .76 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.90 (0.72-1.14) | ||||
| Birth weight ＜2500 g | 10 | 2021 | 1965 | 0 | .56 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.00 (0.80-1.24) | ||||
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 12 | 784 | 755 | 0 | .94 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.87 (0.65-1.15) | ||||
| ICUi admission | 16 | 15,464 | 127,924 | 15.6 | .28 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | ||||
| Jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia | 8 | 505 | 499 | 0 | .94 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.89 (0.61-1.30) | ||||
| RDSj | 8 | 873 | 828 | 4.6 | .39 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.71 (0.49-1.03) | ||||
| Neonatal composite outcome | 6 | 14,132 | 126,630 | 0 | .76 | OR (Mantel-Haenszel, fixed, 95% CI) | 0.93 (0.87-0.99) | ||||
aIG: intervention group.
bCG: control group
cGWG: gestational weight gain.
dSMD: standardized mean difference.
eIOM: Institute of Medicine.
fOR: odds ratio.
gSGA: small for gestational age.
hLGA: large for gestational age.
iICU: intensive care unit.
jRDS: respiratory distress syndrome.