Table 3.
Mendelian Randomization Results of the Tested Conditions.
| Mendelian Randomization |
TWB |
UKB |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DED-to-DEP |
DEP-to-DED |
DED-to-DEP |
DEP-to-DED |
||||||
| OR [95 % CI] | p value | OR [95 % CI] | p value | OR [95 % CI] | p value | OR [95 % CI] | p value | ||
| Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) | |||||||||
| One-sample | IVW | 1.388 [1.144–1.683] | 0.0009 | 1.212 [1.109–1.324] | <0.0001 | 1.049 [1.020–1.078] | <0.0001 | 2.547 [1.773–3.661] | <0.0001 |
| MR-Egger | 1.715 [0.820–3.588] | 0.1756 | 0.994 [0.611–1.615] | 0.9803 | 1.013 [0.916–1.121] | 0.7922 | 1.772 [0.400–7.850] | 0.4553 | |
| Simple mode | 1.460 [0.951–2.242] | 0.1054 | 1.059 [0.844–1.329] | 0.6267 | 1.028 [0.961–1.100] | 0.4287 | 2.285 [0.892–5.856] | 0.0930 | |
| Weighted mode | 1.463 [0.968–2.212] | 0.0925 | 1.055 [0.861–1.294] | 0.6129 | 1.028 [0.974–1.084] | 0.3245 | 2.367 [0.937–5.982] | 0.0760 | |
| Weighted median | 1.444 [1.111–1.879] | 0.0061 | 1.099 [0.968–1.247] | 0.1432 | 1.035 [0.999–1.072] | 0.0528 | 2.446 [1.492–4.012] | 0.0004 | |
| Two-sample | IVW | 1.847 [1.428–2.389] | <0.0001 | 1.089 [1.036–1.144] | 0.0008 | 1.105 [1.048–1.165] | 0.0002 | 1.599 [1.215–2.105] | 0.0008 |
| MR-Egger | 2.124 [0.732–6.163] | 0.1738 | 1.127 [0.839–1.513] | 0.4444 | 1.409 [1.021–1.945] | 0.0511 | 1.202 [0.372–3.877] | 0.7627 | |
| Simple mode | 1.289 [0.613–2.711] | 0.5076 | 1.088 [0.984–1.202] | 0.1229 | 1.069 [0.958–1.194] | 0.2461 | 1.268 [0.704–2.284] | 0.4417 | |
| Weighted mode | 1.262 [0.620–2.571] | 0.5252 | 1.084 [0.975–1.206] | 0.1602 | 1.072 [0.962–1.195] | 0.2204 | 1.280 [0.724–2.262] | 0.4094 | |
| Weighted median | 1.593 [1.122–2.262] | 0.0093 | 1.090 [1.017–1.168] | 0.0146 | 1.090 [1.017–1.169] | 0.0138 | 1.417 [0.974–2.060] | 0.0678 | |
| Conditional and Joint Association Analysis (COJO) | |||||||||
| One-sample | IVW | 1.362 [1.147–1.616] | 0.0004 | 1.221 [1.114–1.339] | <0.0001 | 1.050 [1.021–1.080] | <0.0001 | 2.497 [1.714–3.637] | <0.0001 |
| MR-Egger | 1.712 [0.899–3.259] | 0.1189 | 0.925 [0.572–1.497] | 0.756 | 1.014 [0.912–1.128] | 0.7930 | 1.470 [0.293–7.381] | 0.6419 | |
| Simple mode | 1.445 [0.967–2.159] | 0.088 | 1.061 [0.840–1.340] | 0.6272 | 1.026 [0.964–1.091] | 0.4234 | 2.136 [0.810–5.633] | 0.1330 | |
| Weighted mode | 1.445 [0.969–2.156] | 0.0869 | 1.056 [0.855–1.306] | 0.6191 | 1.024 [0.962–1.091] | 0.4591 | 2.080 [0.768–5.628] | 0.1573 | |
| Weighted median | 1.406 [1.126–1.756] | 0.0026 | 1.097 [0.959–1.256] | 0.1758 | 1.033 [0.994–1.073] | 0.0938 | 2.319 [1.378–3.903] | 0.0015 | |
| Two-sample | IVW | 1.877 [1.447–2.435] | <0.0001 | 1.104 [1.049–1.162] | 0.0001 | 1.113 [1.055–1.175] | <0.0001 | 1.659 [1.301–2.116] | <0.0001 |
| MR-Egger | 2.219 [0.773–6.371] | 0.1468 | 1.097 [0.821–1.466] | 0.5422 | 1.285 [0.943–1.751] | 0.1286 | 1.338 [0.460–3.890] | 0.5986 | |
| Simple mode | 1.347 [0.649–2.793] | 0.4289 | 1.090 [0.975–1.220] | 0.1551 | 1.067 [0.937–1.216] | 0.3363 | 1.275 [0.735–2.212] | 0.3965 | |
| Weighted mode | 1.300 [0.640–2.639] | 0.4728 | 1.088 [0.979–1.208] | 0.1412 | 1.067 [0.958–1.189] | 0.2504 | 1.281 [0.750–2.188] | 0.3742 | |
| Weighted median | 1.623 [1.130–2.332] | 0.0088 | 1.093 [1.018–1.175] | 0.0145 | 1.086 [1.008–1.169] | 0.0282 | 1.422 [1.011–1.998] | 0.0426 | |
Note: DED, dry eye disease; DEP, depression; IVW, inverse variance-weighted; TWB, Taiwan Biobank; UKB, UK Biobank; OR, odds ratio; and CI, confidence interval.