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. 2025 Feb 28;17(2):e79853. doi: 10.7759/cureus.79853

Table 4. Factors associated with poor sleep quality - multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Crude and AOR with 95% CI are presented.

*Statistically significant at a p-value less than 0.05. 

AOR, adjusted odds ratio

Variables Crude OR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value
Age (per year increase) 0.98 (0.96-0.99) 0.002* 0.97 (0.95-0.99) 0.003*
Unemployment (vs. employed) 2.78 (1.82-4.24) <0.001* 2.31 (1.45-3.68) <0.001*
Depression severity
Minimal (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
Mild 3.45 (2.12-5.62) <0.001* 2.84 (1.67-4.82) <0.001*
Moderate 5.88 (3.21-10.77) <0.001* 4.56 (2.35-8.86) <0.001*
Moderately severe/ severe 9.64 (4.45-20.89) <0.001* 7.92 (3.45-18.19) <0.001*
Sleep initiation difficulty 5.12 (3.15-8.33) <0.001* 3.75 (2.15-6.54) <0.001*
Midnight awakening 3.95 (2.42-6.44) <0.001* 2.89 (1.66-5.03) <0.001*
Bad dreams 4.88 (2.75-8.66) <0.001* 3.42 (1.78-6.57) <0.001*
Self-medication for sleep 11.23 (4.52-27.89) <0.001* 8.45 (3.12-22.86) <0.001*
Lack of enthusiasm 5.67 (3.24-9.92) <0.001* 4.15 (2.18-7.89) <0.001*