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. 2025 Mar 29;15(3):e093064. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093064

Table 2. Socio-demographic determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding among children.

Sociodemographic variables Early initiation of breastfeeding Exclusive breastfeeding
N (%) Estimate (95% CI) P value N (%) Estimate (95% CI) P value
Age of the children
 0–1 months 22 (86.6) 1
 2–3 months – – 28 (63.6) 0.71 (0.53, 0.95) 0.02
 4–5 months 31 (49.2) 0.51 (0.38, 0.68) <0.001
Age of the children
 0–5 months 101 (75.9) 1
 6–11 months 106 (67.1) 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) 0.08 – –
 12–17 months 74 (62.7) 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) 0.02
 18–23 months 92 (76.0) 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) 0.95
Sex of the children
 Male 195 (71.4) – 50 (87.6) 1
 Female 178 (69.3) 31 (52.5) 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) 0.46
Mother’s education
 Primary and Below 218 (72.2) – 50 (68.5) 1
 Secondary or higher 155 (68.0) 31 (51.7) 0.74 (0.56, 0.98) 0.04
Mother’s nutritional status
 Underweight 50 (82.0) 1 6 (60.0)
 Normal 207 (69.5) 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) 0.01 46 (63.0) –
 Overweight 116 (67.8) 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) 0.01 29 (58.0)
Father’s occupation
 Labourer 199 (70.6) – 45 (72.6) 1
 Businessmen/service holder 174 (70.2) 36 (50.7) 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) 0.15
Household income
 Low 194 (73.2) 1 44 (69.8) 1
 High 179 (67.5) 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) 0.1 37 (52.9) 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) 0.71
Household food insecurity
 Food secured 86 (76.1) 1 19 (47.5) 1
 Food insecure 287 (68.8) 0.86 (0.74, 1.01) 0.06 62 (66.7) 1.16 (0.78, 1.72) 0.47
Maternal pregnancy complications
 Yes 73 (59.3) 1 17 (50.0) 1
 No 300 (73.7) 1.21 (1.04, 1.42) 0.02 64 (64.6) 1.24 (0.90, 1.70) 0.19