Skip to main content
Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 Jan 25;54(1):70–80. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2024-0213

病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的机制及意义

Mechanism and significance of cell senescence induced by viral infection

CHANG Yunchuang 1,1, WU Xinna 2, DENG Lingli 1, WANG Sanying 3,✉,✉, MAO Genxiang 1,3,✉,✉
Editors: 沈 敏, 沈 洁
PMCID: PMC11956860  PMID: 39909458

Abstract

Virus-induced senescence (VIS) is a significant biological phenomenon, which is associated with declining immune function, accelerating aging process and causing aging-related diseases. A variety of common viruses, including RNA viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2), DNA viruses (such as herpesviruses and hepatitis B virus), and prions can cause VIS in host cells. The primary mechanisms include abnormal activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, DNA damage response, and potential correlations with the integrated stress response due to intracellular phase separation. Viral infection and cellular senescence influence each other: cellular senescence serves as a defense to restrict viral replication and transmission, while some viruses exploit cellular senescence to enhance their infectivity and replication. Understanding the mechanisms of VIS is conducive to the development of therapeutic strategies for viral infections and promotion of healthy aging. However, there is lack of research on therapeutic targets and drug development in this field so far. Although senolytics may be effective for anti-senescent cells therapy, their efficacy for VIS needs evidence from further clinical trials. This article reviews the research progress on the connection between viral infection and cellular senescence, to provide insights for the prevention and treatment of aging related diseases.

Keywords: Cell senescence, Viral infection, cGAS-STING, DNA damage response, Review


细胞衰老是正常细胞进入细胞周期永久性停滞的一种状态。早在20世纪60年代,Hayflick[1]发现人二倍体细胞的增殖能力是有限的,细胞在体外连续培养一段时间后停止增殖。衰老细胞是一种在正常细胞周期中失去分裂能力的细胞,表现出多种独特的生物学特征[2]。诱导细胞衰老的因素很多,涵盖了从遗传到环境的各个方面。复制性衰老源于细胞的反复分裂,与细胞分裂过程中端粒的逐渐缩短有关[3]。早熟性衰老是细胞对内部和外部刺激的一种应答,具有防止损伤细胞恶性转变的保护作用[4]。

VIS是指在病毒感染后宿主细胞展现出的一种长期的增殖停滞状态。与其他形式的衰老类似,VIS伴随着一系列生物标志物的变化,包括衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶活性增加、细胞形态改变并伴有SASP分泌等[5]。VIS是宿主细胞中的一种普遍应激反应,可以由许多不同种类的病毒感染诱导,主要包括RNA病毒、DNA病毒以及蛋白质病毒。常见的可诱导细胞衰老的RNA病毒包括冠状病毒[6]、人类免疫缺陷病毒[7]、甲型流感病毒[8]、丙型肝炎病毒[9]、登革病毒[10]、呼吸道合胞病毒[11]、麻疹病毒[12]和人内源性逆转录病毒[13]等;DNA病毒主要为疱疹病毒、乙型肝炎病毒[9]等。此外,由蛋白质构成的朊病毒也会引发细胞衰老以及与衰老相关的疾病[14]。常见的不同种类病毒感染诱导细胞衰老及机制见表1。

表1.

常见的不同种类病毒感染诱导细胞衰老及机制

病毒分类 病毒名称 相关机制 参考文献
RNA病毒 人类免疫缺陷病毒 Tat和Nef激活NF-κB通路和降低细胞宏自噬 [7]
甲型流感病毒 病毒蛋白增加一氧化氮合酶表达和一氧化氮释放 [8]
呼吸道合胞病毒、麻疹病毒 细胞融合引起细胞应激 [12,15]
SARS-CoV-2 cGAS-STING信号通路的持续激活,诱导干扰素和SASP反应 [16]
登革热病毒 产生多种细胞因子,诱导炎症 [17]
丙型肝炎病毒 端粒缩短,上调p16和p21,下调pRb [18]
内源逆转录病毒 激活cGAS-STING信号通路,促进SASP分泌 [19]
DNA病毒 单纯疱疹病毒1型、人巨细胞病毒 激活ATM和ATR激酶的DNA损伤应答途径以及p53/p16通路 [20-21]
人类疱疹病毒6型 加快白细胞端粒损耗 [22]
人类疱疹病毒7型 调节CDC2和细胞周期蛋白 B,引起细胞周期阻滞 [23]
KSHV 病毒细胞周期蛋白v-Cyclin的表达导致pRb表达下调,引起细胞周期阻滞 [24]
EB病毒 诱导复制应激或活性氧水平升高,引发DNA损伤 [25]
乙型肝炎病毒 乙型肝炎病毒的X蛋白诱导MTA1表达,激活一氧化氮合酶表达,促进炎症因子分泌 [26]
蛋白质病毒 朊病毒 驱动FUS家族蛋白相分离 [14,27]

NF-κB:核因子κB;SARS-CoV:严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒;cGAS:环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶;STING:干扰素基因刺激因子;SASP:衰老相关分泌表型;ATM:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变;ATR:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因Rad3相关激酶;CDC:细胞分裂周期蛋白;KSHV:卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒;MTA:转移相关蛋白;FUS:肉瘤融合蛋白.

随着现代医学和生物技术的迅速发展,人们对病毒感染与宿主细胞之间的相互作用的理解越来越深入[28]。病毒感染不仅会引发免疫反应或导致疾病症状,更在细胞层面上引起一系列复杂的生物学变化如细胞衰老。研究发现,暴露于高滴度逆转录病毒的人二倍体成纤维细胞在感染逆转录病毒第五天后表现出细胞衰老和cGAS-STING通路激活的典型特征[6]。SARS-CoV-2感染患者的原代鼻上皮细胞、肺泡上皮细胞、人支气管上皮细胞和巨噬细胞中也发现了典型的细胞衰老表型[6, 29-30]。病毒感染能够通过多种机制诱导宿主细胞进入衰老状态,这一过程不仅限制了病毒的复制和传播,同时也可能通过激活SASP促进炎症反应,从而影响整个机体的健康状况[6]。因此,深入理解病毒感染与细胞衰老之间的关系,对于制订新的抗病毒策略以及防治衰老相关疾病具有重要意义。

本文通过回顾当前的研究进展,分析病毒感染与细胞衰老相互作用的分子机制及生物学意义,讨论未来研究方向,以期为抗病毒治疗及VIS相关疾病的防治提供新的思路。

1. 病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的机制

病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的机制主要包括:①DNA损伤应答:病毒复制往往导致宿主细胞DNA损伤[31],宿主细胞通过激活ATM和ATR等信号通路来响应DNA损伤,导致细胞周期停滞,引起细胞衰老[21];②炎症信号:病毒感染通常引起强烈的炎症反应,激活炎症通路如NF-κB信号通路,促使细胞产生大量炎症相关的细胞因子,这些因子通常会进一步加速细胞衰老[6];③干扰素信号:病毒感染激活cGAS-STING促使TBK1磷酸化STING和IRF3,激活NF-κB信号级联,从而诱导Ⅰ型干扰素合成[32],干扰素信号通路的激活有助于抗病毒防御,但是可能直接或间接促进细胞进入衰老状态[33];④免疫反应:慢性HCMV感染在人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性的老年人群中普遍存在,慢性HCMV感染使T淋巴细胞克隆扩增,导致免疫衰老和慢性低度炎症,而HCMV和人类免疫缺陷病毒合并感染会造成进一步的不良影响,如视网膜炎、食管炎、结肠炎等[34-35]。见图1。

图1. 病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的主要机制示意图.

图1

病毒侵入导致DNA损伤和过度炎症反应的机制可能涉及mtDNA/CCFs-cGAS-STING通路的异常激活,cGAS可以直接与释放到细胞质中的DNA结合,随后合成环状cGAMP. STING与cGAMP结合并激活,进而激活下游TBK1和IKK信号通路,再激活NF-κB信号级联,从而诱导Ⅰ型干扰素和IL-1和IL-6等促炎性细胞因子的产生;此外ATM信号激活NF-κB必需调节剂NEMO磷酸化也会促使TBK1被激活. 病毒复制会导致DNA损伤激活DDR,从而引起细胞周期停滞来修复DNA损伤[5]. 虚线代表该过程发生在细胞核内. cGAS:环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶;PGC:过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ共激活因子;mtROS:线粒体活性氧;mtDNA:线粒体DNA;cGAMP:环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸;STING:干扰素基因刺激因子;CHK:细胞周期检查点激酶;ATM:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变;ATR:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因Rad3相关激酶;IKK:核因子κB抑制蛋白激酶;TBK:TANK结合激酶;IRF:干扰素调节因子;DDR:DNA损伤应答;NF-κB:核因子κB;SASP:衰老相关分泌表型.

1.1. 常见RNA病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的主要机制

RNA病毒主要通过cGAS-STING通路的异常激活,从而激活下游炎症与干扰素信号通路,导致VIS的发生。研究表明,SARS-CoV-2感染会导致cGAS-STING通路持续激活,驱动转录因子IRF3和NF-κB信号通路,使受体蛋白ACE2表达上调,从而诱导干扰素产生和SASP发生[16, 36](图2A),这种由cGAS-STING激活诱导的VIS可能依赖于p53[6]。除SARS-CoV-2外,其他冠状病毒如SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV也与细胞衰老相关:引发细胞因子风暴,释放大量炎症因子如IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α,导致广泛的组织损伤和细胞衰老[37]。

图2. 病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的信号通路.

图2

A:SARS-CoV-2诱导细胞衰老的信号通路;B:除冠状病毒和疱疹病毒外,其他DNA/RNA病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的信号通路;C:疱疹病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的信号通路. SARS-CoV:严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒;ACE:血管紧张素转换酶;cGAS:环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶;STING:干扰素基因刺激因子;NF-κB:核因子κB;IRF:干扰素调节因子;DENV:登革病毒;JAK:Janus激酶;STAT:信号转导及转录激活蛋白;ERV:逆转录病毒;HIV:人类免疫缺陷病毒;IAV:甲型流感病毒;MAPK:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;iNOS:诱导型一氧化氮合酶;HBV:乙型肝炎病毒;MTA:转移相关蛋白;HCV:丙型肝炎病毒;RSV:呼吸道合胞病毒;MV:麻疹病毒;CDK:周期蛋白依赖性激酶;KSHV:卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒;HSV:单纯疱疹病毒;HCMV:人巨细胞病毒;ATM:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变;ATR:共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因Rad3相关激酶;CHK:细胞周期检查点激酶;HHV:人类疱疹病毒;CDC:细胞分裂周期蛋白;SASP:衰老相关分泌表型.

除了上述冠状病毒,其他RNA病毒感染也可诱导细胞衰老。甲型流感病毒的NS1蛋白可通过激活P38 MAPK通路,增加诱生型一氧化氮合酶表达来促进一氧化氮释放,导致炎症因子的分泌,进而诱导衰老[8]。D-半乳糖诱导的人单核细胞衰老对登革病毒更易感,登革病毒通过调节IL-10介导的JAK2-STAT3信号通路增加病毒受体表达,可能会通过诱导细胞衰老增强自身复制[10, 17]。人类免疫缺陷病毒的Tat和Nef蛋白可通过活化NF-κB通路,导致氧化应激,增强炎症反应或减少自噬作用,引发骨髓间充质干细胞衰老[7]。人内源性逆转录病毒K在衰老细胞中被解禁,转录出病毒基因,并产生类似逆转录病毒的颗粒。该病毒编码的Pol蛋白具有逆转录活性,能将病毒RNA逆转录为DNA,激活cGAS-STING信号通路,促进SASP表达,从而诱导年轻细胞出现衰老表型[19]。丙型肝炎病毒会影响端粒酶的活性,导致端粒缩短,p16和p21上调,抑制pRb表达,使细胞周期受阻,从而导致细胞衰老[18]。呼吸道合胞病毒和麻疹病毒可通过细胞融合引起细胞应激反应,引起细胞内活性氧水平上升,激活p53和p16-pRb通路,从而导致细胞衰老[12, 15]。见图2B。

1.2. 常见DNA病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的机制

与SARS-CoV-2类似,疱疹病毒介导的细胞衰老也涉及cGAS-STING通路的异常激活,不同的是多数疱疹病毒最终引起DNA损伤应答,使细胞周期受阻,从而引发VIS。研究表明,HSV-1潜伏感染雌性小鼠的关键脑干区域可以发现衰老标志物p16高表达,这是由于HSV-1激活了p53/p16通路,诱导VIS发生[20]。HSV感染还可刺激线粒体DNA释放并激活cGAS-STING通路,诱导SASP分泌导致VIS[38]。EB病毒感染可通过复制应激或诱导线粒体活性氧引发DNA损伤介导的细胞衰老[25]。HCMV感染可通过调节DDR来促进细胞衰老[21]。HCMV的IE1蛋白是诱导DDR的重要病毒蛋白,Castillo等[39]描述了IE1对细胞DDR的刺激,发现IE1可以激活ATM,后者通过磷酸化激活p53通路。而HCMV的IE2蛋白则可通过调节p53和p16通路来诱导细胞衰老,如人胚肺成纤维细胞或成人二倍体成纤维细胞在感染HCMV 48 h后显示出强烈的衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶活性和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1的mRNA表达增加,同时伴p16和p53蛋白增加,启动细胞衰老程序[40]。研究表明,端粒的长度是细胞衰老的重要标志[41],HCMV、HSV-1和HHV-6感染能增加白细胞端粒损耗,但具体机制尚不清楚[22]。此外,HHV-7感染会造成有丝分裂调节蛋白CDC2和细胞周期蛋白B的失调,导致细胞G2期阻滞[23]。KSHV编码的病毒细胞周期蛋白v-Cyclin是一个D型细胞周期蛋白的同源物,能与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶6形成活性激酶复合体。v-Cyclin可在人皮肤微血管内皮细胞中诱导复制应激,激活DNA损伤应答,从而下调pRb表达,引发细胞周期阻滞,导致细胞早熟性衰老[24]。见图2C。乙型肝炎病毒的X蛋白与甲型流感病毒[8]类似,通过促进炎症因子分泌诱导细胞衰老(图2B)[26]。

1.3. 病毒感染诱导细胞衰老与细胞内相分离

研究证实,由细胞内相分离导致的内环境紊乱与许多年龄相关的慢性疾病有关[42]。通过相分离形成的无膜细胞器有助于增加区室形成以及蛋白质错误折叠和聚集的倾向,导致细胞内环境紊乱[43],导致ISR发生[44]。长期的ISR激活会导致细胞内蛋白质合成、代谢和修复等生理功能受损,这有可能是细胞衰老的关键问题之一[44-45]。最新的实验证明ISR抑制剂可以抑制Ⅱ型肺上皮细胞的衰老,以减轻二氧化硅在小鼠中诱导的肺纤维化[45],这进一步证实了ISR激活与细胞衰老相关。研究表明,FUS家族蛋白氨基酸序列中的朊病毒样结构域会驱动FUS相分离[27]。Patel等[14]通过体外老化实验发现,FUS应激时可在DNA损伤部位和细胞质中形成液体隔室,无序的FUS液滴随着时间的推移从液体状态转化为聚集状态,从而导致细胞衰老以及与衰老相关的疾病。虽然VIS与相分离之间的机制并未明确,但相分离对病毒信号通路和病毒感染有一定影响。一项研究表明,相分离可以调节抗病毒先天免疫信号通路和SARS-CoV-2感染,病毒蛋白的适当相分离对于病毒复制及其发病机制至关重要[46]。另一项研究显示,相分离在RNA病毒感染诱导的NLRP6炎症小体激活中发挥关键作用:在体内外细胞试验中,NLRP6与双链RNA相互作用时会发生液-液相分离,导致细胞内环境紊乱[47]。此外,研究表明HCMV的UL112-113蛋白经历液-液相分离后会在细胞核中形成无膜区室,促进HCMV复制[48]。综上,病毒感染可以导致细胞内相分离,从而扰乱内环境,影响各种细胞功能,并可能导致ISR等状况。因此猜测相分离可能是病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的一个重要因素,但这需要更多的研究来证明。

2. 病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的生物学意义

2.1. 细胞衰老与病毒感染的相互作用

理解病毒感染诱导细胞衰老的机制有助于进一步了解其生物学意义。研究发现病毒感染与细胞衰老之间的作用是相互的[28]。

一方面,细胞衰老是宿主细胞限制病毒复制和传播的一种防御机制,衰老细胞分泌的SASP细胞因子和趋化因子可能将病毒诱导的细胞衰老转变为一种抗病毒免疫反应[49]。但病毒也可通过特殊机制来防止VIS。比如,从HCMV编码的200多种蛋白质中筛选到UL31[50]、UL35[51]、UL42[52]、UL48[53]、UL82[54]、UL83[55]、UL94[56]、UL122[57]、UL138[58]、US9[59]和UL37x1[60]等10余种可抑制cGAS-STING信号通路的编码蛋白;KSHV潜伏感染会引起与癌基因诱导细胞衰老特征相似的DNA损伤反应,但受感染的细胞只表现出适度的自噬水平且不会衰老,这是由KSHV的v-Cyclin蛋白和v-FLIP蛋白共同作用的结果[61];EB病毒的潜伏膜蛋白LMP1通过抑制复制性衰老的关键调节因子p16INK4A和致癌基因RAS,防止原代小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞在体外进入复制性衰老[62]。

另一方面,有证据表明细胞衰老也会促进病毒感染和复制[4, 29]。与非衰老细胞比较,流感病毒和水痘-带状疱疹病毒能够分别在衰老的人支气管上皮细胞和衰老的人真皮成纤维细胞中进行更有效的复制[63]。造成这一现象的原因可能是衰老时Ⅰ型干扰素表达减少和衰老细胞线粒体动力学缺陷,抑制早期干扰素反应,从而增强病毒复制[4, 63]。研究表明,免疫衰老会导致疫苗接种效果差,对病毒感染、年龄相关疾病和肿瘤的易感性增加[64]。研究发现,病毒感染引起的免疫衰老会导致T淋巴细胞耗竭[65],如人类免疫缺陷病毒感染会导致特异性CD8+ T细胞耗竭,导致免疫逃逸,机体就会失去对病毒感染的有效控制[66]。这种T淋巴细胞的功能丧失可能与线粒体功能损伤有关,即使经过有效的抗逆转录病毒治疗,仍无法恢复CD8+ T细胞的功能[67]。因此,免疫衰老导致的T淋巴细胞耗竭可减弱机体对病毒感染的防御能力。

总之,细胞衰老与机体抗病毒免疫反应的关系是多方面的。在年轻宿主中VIS可通过SASP招募中性粒细胞和其他免疫细胞,增强抗病毒免疫力,促进病毒清除和组织修复。然而,在年老宿主中,VIS与现有衰老细胞的结合可能会导致SASP高表达以及免疫系统功能衰退,使衰老加剧和免疫逃逸,从而引起严重的组织损伤和多器官衰竭[4, 68]。

2.2. 老年人群中的病毒感染及治疗策略

全球人口老龄化加剧了与年龄相关慢性病的社会负担。VIS合并老年人增龄性基础疾病加重了病毒感染的严重程度,同时促进年龄相关过度炎症、多器官损伤或功能障碍,最终导致更高的死亡率[6]。

VZV和HCMV感染在老年群体中十分常见。这些病毒在青少年或儿童时期初次感染后,可在体内潜伏多年,老年时期可能因免疫力下降而再次激活[69-70]。原发性VZV感染表现为水痘,多见于儿童,水痘痊愈后VZV能在宿主的感觉神经节长期潜伏,随着患者年龄增长,细胞对VZV的免疫力下降,病毒会被再次激活引发带状疱疹[71]。带状疱疹表现为沿神经分布的皮疹和疼痛,严重影响生活质量[72]。HCMV是一种普遍存在的病毒,大多数人在成年早期就已经感染。在免疫功能正常的人群中,HCMV通常不会引起严重问题;但在免疫力较低的老年人中,HCMV可以重新激活引起多种健康问题,如视网膜炎、肺炎和胃肠道炎症[73]。HCMV感染是加速免疫衰老的因素之一[74]。长期HCMV感染可能导致免疫系统过度集中于对抗HCMV,从而忽视了其他病原体[75]。HSV感染在老年人中同样常见。HSV-1通常引起口腔溃疡,HSV-2则引起生殖器疱疹。免疫功能降低的老年人更容易受到HSV感染的影响,可能导致严重的并发症,如脑炎和眼部感染[76-77]。在全球COVID-19大流行期间,老年人的发病率和死亡率更高[78]。COVID-19在老年人中的症状可能会更加严重,包括持续高烧、严重的呼吸困难以及肺炎[79],还可能出现一系列严重并发症,包括多器官功能衰竭和心血管问题等[80-81],这无疑增加了老年人群的死亡风险。由于病毒不断变异,先前感染或疫苗接种SARS-CoV-2产生的免疫会随着时间的推移而下降[82]。瑞德西韦是治疗COVID-19的主要抗病毒药物,但可能影响肝脏和肾脏功能[83],这对于器官功能衰退的老年人群可能会引起更强的不良反应。因此,开发更安全、有效的药物或潜在的治疗方法是研究的重点。

目前,针对部分病毒已经有疫苗或药物进行防治。如阿昔洛韦是一种用于治疗HSV和VZV感染的药物[84],临床上用于治疗生殖器疱疹和HSV脑炎,虽然有效,但仅能将传播减少约50%[85];更昔洛韦和缬更昔洛韦是常用的抗HCMV药物[86]。尽管这些药物具有一定的治疗效果,但长期使用会导致病毒产生耐药性且会引起一些不良反应,尤其是对于老年人群,可能会导致肾功能受损和消化系统的不良反应[87]。虽然有关病毒感染与细胞衰老相关性及其机制的研究较多,但基于此方向的治疗靶点和药物的研究仍缺乏。最近有研究提示,针对细胞衰老的治疗策略,如抑制SASP分泌和清除衰老细胞可能有助于治疗病毒感染和衰老相关疾病[4, 28]。研究发现,在SARS-CoV-2感染的仓鼠和小鼠中,达沙替尼与槲皮素组合物选择性地消除了VIS细胞,减少炎症,改善肺部感染[6]。两项随机临床试验结果表明,使用具有增强口服生物利用度的槲皮素特殊配方对COVID-19轻度症状患者进行早期干预,可以减轻疾病的严重程度[88-89]。因此,在病毒感染早期,靶向清除病毒感染诱导的衰老细胞可有效抑制病毒复制,从而在感染初始阶段更彻底地清除VIS细胞。但需要更明确的临床试验数据证明这些方法是通过降低SASP导致疾病衰减,而不是由于病毒被清除或受损而延长病毒在人体内的潜伏时间而使疾病暂时衰减[30]。

3. 结语

VIS是在病毒感染后宿主细胞展现的一种特殊状态。与其他早熟性衰老的特征相似,VIS的关键特征包括细胞周期停滞、SASP分泌等。病毒与宿主之间的免疫反应在VIS中发挥了重要作用,免疫系统不仅可以通过免疫监视和清除感染细胞来限制病毒扩散,还可以通过诱导细胞衰老来阻止病毒复制[4]。但是,VIS可能会对宿主产生不利影响,VIS的长期存在与多种疾病和衰老过程相关,如VIS会导致免疫功能下降,进而通过持续的炎症反应和组织损伤加速机体衰老[28]。而老年人免疫衰老和老年慢性病引起的持续炎症与组织损伤会进一步增加宿主对病毒的易感性[90]。研究表明,在病毒感染的初始阶段,利用靶向清除衰老细胞的抗衰老药物调控衰老信号通路以清除VIS细胞可有效抑制病毒复制[30]。因此,理解VIS的机制有助于开发靶向衰老细胞或调节衰老信号通路的抗病毒药物,从而获得更安全、有效的控制病毒感染和相关疾病的方法,提高老年人群的机体功能和生活质量。

总之,VIS正受到越来越多的关注,而未来仍需进一步研究病毒在不同类型细胞和组织中的作用机制差异,并加强测试靶向衰老细胞或调节衰老信号通路的抗病毒药物在临床患者中的效果和安全性。本文基于最新的研究进展,探讨了病毒感染与细胞衰老之间的联系,相信未来会不断涌现新的VIS发生机制。

Acknowledgments

研究得到国家中医药管理局科技司-浙江省共建项目(GZY-ZJ-KJ-24055,GZY-KJS-ZJ-2025-074)、国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3501802)、浙江省医药卫生科技计划(2022KY009)支持

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Department of the National Admin-istration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Zhejiang Proincial Joint Construction Project (GZY-ZJ-KJ-24055, GZY-KJS-ZJ-2025-074), National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3501802), Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan (2022KY009)

[缩略语]

病毒诱导的衰老(virus-induced senescence,VIS);衰老相关分泌表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype,SASP);环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶(cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase,cGAS);干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon gene,STING);严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV);共济失调毛细血管扩张突变(ataxia-telangiectasia mutation,ATM);共济失调毛细血管扩张突变基因Rad3相关激酶(ataxia-telangiectasia mutation gene Rad3-related kinase,ATR);核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB);TANK结合激酶(TANK binding kinase,TBK);干扰素调节因子(interferon regulatory factor,IRF);人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV);血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE);中东呼吸[系统]综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV);丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK);信号转导及转录激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT);单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus,HSV);DNA损伤应答(DNA damage response,DDR);人类疱疹病毒(human herpes virus,HHV);细胞分裂周期蛋白(cell division cycle,CDC);卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus,KSHV);整合应激反应(integrated stress response,ISR);肉瘤融合蛋白(fused in sarcoma,FUS);NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein,NLRP);水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV);2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)

利益冲突声明

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

医学伦理

研究不涉及人体或动物实验

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors

参考文献(References)

  • 1.HAYFLICK L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains[J]. Exp Cell Res, 1965, 37: 614-636. 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.HERNANDEZ-SEGURA A, NEHME J, DEMARIA M. Hallmarks of cellular senescence[J]. Trends Cell Biol, 2018, 28(6): 436-453. 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.HARLEY C B, FUTCHER A B, GREIDER C W. Telo-meres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts[J]. Nature, 1990, 345(6274): 458-460. 10.1038/345458a0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.KELLEY W J, ZEMANS R L, GOLDSTEIN D R. Cellular senescence: friend or foe to respiratory viral infections?[J]. Eur Respir J, 2020, 56(6): 2002708. 10.1183/13993003.02708-2020 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.LI Z, TIAN M, WANG G, et al. Senotherapeutics: an emerging approach to the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13: 1098712. 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1098712 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.LEE S, YU Y, TRIMPERT J, et al. Virus-induced senes-cence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19[J]. Nature, 2021, 599(7884): 283-289. 10.1038/s41586-021-03995-1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.BEAUPERE C, GARCIA M, LARGHERO J, et al. The HIV proteins Tat and Nef promote human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell senescence and alter osteo-blastic differentiation[J]. Aging Cell, 2015, 14(4): 534-546. 10.1111/acel.12308 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.YAN Y, DU Y, ZHENG H, et al. NS1 of H7N9 influenza A virus induces NO-mediated cellular senescence in neuro2a cells[J]. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2017, 43(4): 1369-1380. 10.1159/000481848 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.BOONMA T, NUTHO B, RUNGROTMONGKOL T, et al. Understanding of the drug resistance mechanism of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A to paritaprevir due to D168N/Y mutations: a molecular dynamics simulation perspective[J]. Comput Biol Chem, 2019, 83: 107154. 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107154 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.HSIEH T H, TSAI T T, CHEN C L, et al. Senescence in monocytes facilitates dengue virus infection by increasing infectivity[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2020, 10: 375. 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00375 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.ACKERSON B, TSENG H F, SY L S, et al. Severe morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory syn-cytial virus versus influenza infection in hospitalized older adults[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2019, 69(2): 197-203. 10.1093/cid/ciy991 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.CHUPRIN A, GAL H, BIRON-SHENTAL T, et al. Cell fusion induced by ERVWE1 or measles virus causes cellular senescence[J]. Genes Dev, 2013, 27(21): 2356-2366. 10.1101/gad.227512.113 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.DI GIORGIO E, XODO L E. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs): does RLR (RIG-I-like receptors)-MAVS path-way directly control senescence and aging as a conse-quence of ERV de-repression?[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 917998. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917998 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.PATEL A, LEE H O, JAWERTH L, et al. A liquid-to-solid phase transition of the ALS protein FUS acceler-ated by disease mutation[J]. Cell, 2015, 162(5): 1066-1077. 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.047 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.MARTÍNEZ I, GARCÍA-CARPIZO V, GUIJARRO T, et al. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks and cellular senescence by human respiratory syncytial virus[J]. Virulence, 2016, 7(4): 427-442. 10.1080/21505594.2016.1144001 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.DOMIZIO J D, GULEN M F, SAIDOUNE F, et al. The cGAS-STING pathway drives type Ⅰ IFN immuno-pathology in COVID-19[J]. Nature, 2022, 603(7899): 145-151. 10.1038/s41586-022-04421-w [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.ABUBAKAR S, SHU M H, JOHARI J, et al. Senes-cence affects endothelial cells susceptibility to dengue virus infection[J]. Int J Med Sci, 2014, 11(6): 538-544. 10.7150/ijms.7896 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.SEKOGUCHI S, NAKAJIMA T, MORIGUCHI M, et al. Role of cell-cycle turnover and oxidative stress in telomere shortening and cellular senescence in patients with chronic hepatitis C[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 22(2): 182-190. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04454.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.LIU X, LIU Z, WU Z, et al. Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence[J]. Cell, 2023, 186(2): 287-304.e26. 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.017 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.SIVASUBRAMANIAN M K, MONTEIRO R, HARRISON K S, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 preferentially enhances neuro-inflammation and senescence in brain-stem of female mice[J/OL]. J Virol, 2022, 96(17): e0108122. 10.1128/jvi.01081-22 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.WU X, ZHOU X, WANG S, et al. DNA damage response(DDR): a link between cellular senescence and human cytomegalovirus[J]. Virol J, 2023, 20(1): 250. 10.1186/s12985-023-02203-y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.DOWD J B, BOSCH J A, STEPTOE A, et al. Persistent herpesvirus infections and telomere attrition over 3 years in the whitehall Ⅱ cohort[J]. J Infect Dis, 2017, 216(5): 565-572. 10.1093/infdis/jix255 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.SECCHIERO P, BERTOLASO L, CASARETO L, et al. Human herpesvirus 7 infection induces profound cell cycle perturbations coupled to disregulation of cdc2 and cyclin B and polyploidization of CD4+ T cells[J]. Blood, 1998, 92(5): 1685-1696. 10.1182/blood.v92.5.1685 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.KOOPAL S, FURUHJELM J H, JÄRVILUOMA A, et al. 0vated in Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis[J]. PLoS Pathog, 2007, 3(9): 1348-1360. 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030140 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.HAFEZ A Y, LUFTIG M A. Characterization of the EBV-induced persistent DNA damage response[J]. Viruses, 2017, 9(12): 366. 10.3390/v9120366 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.BUI-NGUYEN T M, PAKALA S B, SIRIGIRI D R, et al. Stimulation of inducible nitric oxide by hepatitis B virus transactivator protein-HBx requires MTA1 coregu-lator[J]. J Biol Chem, 2017, 292(11): 4765. 10.1074/jbc.a117.065987 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.WANG J, CHOI J M, HOLEHOUSE A S, et al. A molec-ular grammar governing the driving forces for phase separation of prion-like RNA binding proteins[J]. Cell, 2018, 174(3): 688-699.e16. 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.006 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.SEOANE R, VIDAL S, BOUZAHER Y H, et al. The interaction of viruses with the cellular senescence response[J]. Biology (Basel), 2020, 9(12): 455. 10.3390/biology9120455 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.EVANGELOU K, VEROUTIS D, PASCHALAKI K, et al. Pulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2 induces senescence accompanied by an inflammatory phenotype in severe COVID-19: possible implications for viral mutagenesis[J]. Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(2): 2102951. 10.1183/13993003.02951-2021 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.SCHMITT C A, TCHKONIA T, NIEDERNHOFER L J, et al. COVID-19 and cellular senescence[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2023, 23(4): 251-263. 10.1038/s41577-022-00785-2 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.WEITZMAN M D, FRADET-TURCOTTE A. Virus DNA replication and the host DNA damage response[J]. Annu Rev Virol, 2018, 5(1): 141-164. 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043534 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.KANDHAYA-PILLAI R, YANG X, TCHKONIA T, et al. TNF-α/IFN-γ synergy amplifies senescence-associated inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression via hyper-activated JAK/STAT[J/OL]. Aging Cell, 2022, 21(6): e13646. 10.1111/acel.13646 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.DE CECCO M, ITO T, PETRASHEN A P, et al. L1 drives IFN in senescent cells and promotes age-asso-ciated inflammation[J]. Nature, 2019, 566(7742): 73-78. 10.1038/s41586-018-0784-9 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.LENG S X, MARGOLICK J B. Aging, sex, inflammation, frailty, and CMV and HIV infections[J]. Cell Immunol, 2020, 348: 104024. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104024 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.GALLANT J E, MOORE R D, RICHMAN D D, et al. Incidence and natural history of cytomegalovirus disease in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group[J]. J Infect Dis, 1992, 166(6): 1223-1227. 10.1093/infdis/166.6.1223 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.GLÜCK S, GUEY B, GULEN M F, et al. Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2017, 19(9): 1061-1070. 10.1038/ncb3586 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.CHANNAPPANAVAR R, PERLMAN S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology[J]. Semin Immunopathol, 2017, 39(5): 529-539. 10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.WEST A P, KHOURY-HANOLD W, STARON M, et al. Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response[J]. Nature, 2015, 520(7548): 553-557. 10.1038/nature14156 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.CASTILLO J P, FRAME F M, ROGOFF H A, et al. Human cytomegalovirus IE1-72 activates ataxia telan-giectasia mutated kinase and a p53/p21-mediated growth arrest response[J]. J Virol, 2005, 79(17): 11467-11475. 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11467-11475.2005 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.NORIS E, ZANNETTI C, DEMURTAS A, et al. Cell cycle arrest by human cytomegalovirus 86-kDa IE2 protein resembles premature senescence[J]. J Virol, 2002, 76(23): 12135-12148. 10.1128/jvi.76.23.12135-12148.2002 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.BLACKBURN E H, GREIDER C W, SZOSTAK J W. Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetra-hymena and yeast to human cancer and aging[J]. Nat Med, 2006, 12(10): 1133-1138. 10.1038/nm1006-1133 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.FORMAN-KAY J D, KRIWACKI R W, SEYDOUX G. Phase separation in biology and disease[J]. J Mol Biol, 2018, 430(23): 4603-4606. 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.006 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.ALBERTI S, CARRA S. Quality control of membrane-less organelles[J]. J Mol Biol, 2018, 430(23): 4711-4729. 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.COSTA-MATTIOLI M, WALTER P. The integrated stress response: from mechanism to disease[J]. Science, 2020, 368(6489): eaat5314. 10.1126/science.aat5314 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.LI Y Q, AN X L, JIN F Y, et al. ISRIB inhibits the sene-scence of type Ⅱ pulmonary epithelial cells to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica in mice[J]. Eco-toxicol Environ Saf, 2023, 264: 115410. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115410 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.ZHENG Y, GAO C. Phase separation: the robust modu-lator of innate antiviral signaling and SARS-CoV-2 infection[J]. Pathogens, 2023, 12(2): 243. 10.3390/pathogens12020243 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.SHEN C, LI R, NEGRO R, et al. Phase separation drives RNA virus-induced activation of the NLRP6 inflammasome[J]. Cell, 2021, 184(23): 5759-5774.e20. 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.032 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.CARAGLIANO E, BONAZZA S, FRASCAROLI G, et al. Human cytomegalovirus forms phase-separated compartments at viral genomes to facilitate viral repli-cation[J]. Cell Rep, 2022, 38(10): 110469. 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110469 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.BAZ-MARTÍNEZ M, SILVA-ÁLVAREZ S DA, RODRÍGUEZ E, et al. Cell senescence is an antiviral defense mecha-nism[J]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 37007. 10.1038/srep37007 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.HUANG Z F, ZOU H M, LIAO B W, et al. Human cytomegalovirus protein UL31 inhibits DNA sensing of cGAS to mediate immune evasion[J]. Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 24(1): 69-80.e4. 10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.FABITS M, GONÇALVES MAGALHÃES V, CHAN B, et al. The Cytomegalovirus tegument protein UL35 antago-nizes pattern recognition receptor-mediated type Ⅰ IFN transcription[J]. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(6): 790. 10.3390/microorganisms8060790 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.FU Y Z, GUO Y, ZOU H M, et al. Human cytomegalo-virus protein UL42 antagonizes cGAS/MITA-mediated innate antiviral response[J/OL]. PLoS Pathog, 2019, 15(5): e1007691. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007691 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.KUMARI P, SAHA I, NARAYANAN A, et al. Essential role of HCMV deubiquitinase in promoting oncogenesis by targeting anti-viral innate immune signaling pathways[J/OL]. Cell Death Dis, 2017, 8(10): e3078. 10.1038/cddis.2017.461 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.NUKUI M, ROCHE K L, JIA J, et al. Protein S-nitrosylation of human cytomegalovirus pp71 inhibits its ability to limit STING antiviral responses[J/OL]. J Virol, 2020, 94(17): e00033-00020. 10.1128/jvi.00033-20 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.BIOLATTI M, DELL’OSTE V, PAUTASSO S, et al. Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp65 (pUL83) dampens type Ⅰ interferon production by inactivating the DNA sensor cGAS without affecting STING[J/OL]. J Virol, 2018, 92(6): e01774-01717. 10.1128/jvi.01774-17 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.ZOU H M, HUANG Z F, YANG Y, et al. Human cytomegalovirus protein UL94 targets MITA to evade the antiviral immune response[J/OL]. J Virol, 2020, 94(12): e00022-00020. 10.1128/jvi.00022-20 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.KIM J E, KIM Y E, STINSKI M F, et al. Human cytomegalovirus IE2 86 kDa protein induces STING degradation and inhibits cGAMP-mediated IFN-β induction[J]. Front Microbiol, 2017, 8: 1854. 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01854 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.ALBRIGHT E R, MICKELSON C K, KALEJTA R F. Human cytomegalovirus UL138 protein inhibits the STING pathway and reduces interferon Beta mRNA accumulation during lytic and latent infections[J/OL]. mBio, 2021, 12(6): e0226721. 10.1128/mbio.02267-21 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.CHOI H J, PARK A, KANG S, et al. Human cytomegalovirus-encoded US9 targets MAVS and STING signaling to evade type I interferon immune responses[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 125. 10.1038/s41467-017-02624-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.REN Y, WANG A, WU D, et al. Dual inhibition of innate immunity and apoptosis by human cytomegalovirus protein UL37x1 enables efficient virus replication[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2022, 7(7): 1041-1053. 10.1038/s41564-022-01136-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.LEIDAL A M, CYR D P, HILL R J, et al. Subversion of autophagy by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus impairs oncogene-induced senescence[J]. Cell Host Microbe, 2016, 19(6): 901. 10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.YANG X, HE Z, XIN B, et al. LMP1 of Epstein-Barr virus suppresses cellular senescence associated with the inhibition of p16INK4a expression[J]. Oncogene, 2000, 19(16): 2002-2013. 10.1038/sj.onc.1203515 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.KIM J A, SEONG R K, SHIN O S. Enhanced viral replication by cellular replicative senescence[J]. Immune Netw, 2016, 16(5): 286-295. 10.4110/in.2016.16.5.286 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.THOMAS R, WANG W, SU D-M. Contributions of age-related thymic involution to immunosenescence and inflammaging [J]. Immun Ageing, 2020, 17: 2. 10.1186/s12979-020-0173-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.ZHOU X, RAMACHANDRAN S, MANN M, et al. Role of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in understanding viral immunology: past, present and future[J]. Viruses, 2012, 4(11): 2650-2669. 10.3390/v4112650 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.CHAN Y T, CHEONG H C, TANG T F, et al. Immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism in HIV-induced T cell exhaustion[J]. Biomedicines, 2022, 10(11): 1-18. 10.3390/biomedicines10112809 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.ALRUBAYYI A, MORENO-CUBERO E, HAMEIRI-BOWEN D, et al. Functional restoration of exhausted CD8 T cells in chronic HIV-1 infection by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 908697. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908697 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.CAMELL C D, YOUSEFZADEH M J, ZHU Y, et al. Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice[J]. Science, 2021, 373(6552): eabe4832. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.DAVIES E L, NOOR M, LIM E Y, et al. HCMV carriage in the elderly diminishes anti-viral functionality of the adaptive immune response resulting in virus replication at peripheral sites[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 1083230. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083230 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.DE OLIVEIRA GOMES J, GAGLIARDI A M, ANDRIOLO B N, et al. Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, 10(10): CD008858. 10.1002/14651858.cd008858.pub5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.SOREL O, MESSAOUDI I. Varicella virus-host inter-actions during latency and reactivation: lessons from simian varicella virus[J]. Front Microbiol, 2018, 9: 3170. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03170 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.KATZ J, COOPER E M, WALTHER R R, et al. Acute pain in herpes zoster and its impact on health-related quality of life[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2004, 39(3): 342-348. 10.1086/421942 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.CHENG S, ZHAO F, WEN L, et al. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation in T98G cells[J/OL]. J Virol, 2022, 96(2): e0147621. 10.1128/jvi.01476-21 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.KADAMBARI S, KLENERMAN P, POLLARD A J. Why the elderly appear to be more severely affected by COVID-19: the potential role of immunosenescence and CMV[J/OL]. Rev Med Virol, 2020, 30(5): e2144. 10.1002/rmv.2144 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.RAMASUBRAMANIAN R, MEIER H, VIVEK S, et al. Evaluation of T-cell aging-related immune phenotypes in the context of biological aging and multimorbidity in the health and retirement study[J]. Immun Ageing, 2022, 19(1): 33. 10.1186/s12979-022-00290-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.HAUER L, PIKIJA S, SCHULTE E C, et al. Cerebro-vascular manifestations of herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system: a systematic review[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2019, 16(1): 19. 10.1186/s12974-019-1409-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.KIM M, JALAL A, RUBIO-GOMEZ H, et al. A case report of severe systemic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection with multi-organ involvement after a course of oral corticosteroid treatment[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2022, 22(1): 817. 10.1186/s12879-022-07815-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.GRASSELLI G, ZANGRILLO A, ZANELLA A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the lombardy region, Italy[J]. JAMA, 2020, 323(16): 1574-1581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.NANDA A, VURA N, GRAVENSTEIN S. COVID-19 in older adults[J]. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2020, 32(7): 1199-1202. 10.1007/s40520-020-01581-5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.FAIRWEATHER D, BEETLER D J, DI FLORIO D N, et al. COVID-19, myocarditis and pericarditis[J]. Circ Res, 2023, 132(10): 1302-1319. 10.1161/circresaha.123.321878 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.NIE X, QIAN L, SUN R, et al. Multi-organ proteomic landscape of COVID-19 autopsies[J]. Cell, 2021, 184(3): 775-791.e14. 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.004 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.TREGONING J S, FLIGHT K E, HIGHAM S L, et al. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2021, 21(10): 626-636. 10.1038/s41577-021-00592-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.ODETI S, YELLEPEDDI V K. Remdesivir (Veklury) for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2021, 104(3): 311-312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.GNANN J W Jr, BARTON N H, WHITLEY R J. Acy-clovir: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical applications[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 1983, 3(5): 275-283. 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03274.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.MAJEWSKA A, MLYNARCZYK-BONIKOWSKA B. 40 years after the registration of acyclovir: do we need new anti-herpetic drugs?[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(7): 3431. 10.3390/ijms23073431 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.BRITT W J, PRICHARD M N. New therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections[J]. Antiviral Res, 2018, 159: 153-174. 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.POOLE C L, JAMES S H. Antiviral therapies for her-pesviruses: current agents and new directions[J]. Clin Ther, 2018, 40(8): 1282-1298. 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.07.006 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.DI PIERRO F, IQTADAR S, KHAN A, et al. Potential clinical benefits of quercetin in the early stage of COVID-19: results of a second, pilot, randomized, controlled and open-label clinical trial[J]. Int J Gen Med, 2021, 14: 2807-2816. 10.2147/ijgm.s318949 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.DI PIERRO F, DEROSA G, MAFFIOLI P, et al. Possible therapeutic effects of adjuvant quercetin supple-mentation against early-stage COVID-19 infection: a prospective, randomized, controlled, and open-label study[J]. Int J Gen Med, 2021, 14: 2359-2366. 10.2147/ijgm.s318720 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.LI X, LI C, ZHANG W, et al. Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8(1): 239. 10.1038/s41392-023-01502-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Zhejiang University Press

RESOURCES