Table 4. Comparison of FSST and kinematic specificity by both lower extremities in four directions between both groups.
| Non-faller group | Faller group | |
| Four square step test (FSST) [s]a | 7.6 ± 1.2 (7.8) | 8.4 ± 1.7 (7.9) |
| Step length | ||
| Forward step in the right lower extremity [cm]b | 47.3 ± 4.2 (47.0) | 45.6 ± 3.7 (44.8) |
| Forward step in the left lower extremity [cm]b | 45.9 ± 4.5 (45.8) | 45.1 ± 4.2 (44.1) |
| Right step in the right lower extremity [cm]b | 42.2 ± 3.9 (42.1) | 40.6 ± 4.1 (40.0)* |
| Right step in the left lower extremity [cm]b | 42.0 ± 3.7 (42.2) | 39.9 ± 3.9 (40.0)** |
| Backward step in the right lower extremity [cm]b | 46.2 ± 4.3 (45.9) | 44.3 ± 4.7 (44.4) |
| Backward step in the left lower extremity [cm]b | 46.0 ± 4.4 (46.4) | 44.3 ± 5.0 (43.9) |
| Left step in the right lower extremity [cm]b | 43.7 ± 4.0 (43.9) | 43.9 ± 3.7 (43.9) |
| Left step in the left lower extremity [cm]b | 43.7 ± 3.8 (43.9) | 43.5 ± 3.4 (43.5) |
| Step speed | ||
| Forward step in the right lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.1 ± 0.2 (1.1) | 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9)* |
| Forward step in the left lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.1 ± 0.2 (1.1) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (1.0)* |
| Right step in the right lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.0 ± 0.2 (0.9) | 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.8) |
| Right step in the left lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.0 ± 0.2 (1.0) | 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9)* |
| Backward step in right lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.0 ± 0.2 (1.0) | 0.9 ± 0.3 (0.9)* |
| Backward step in left lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.1 ± 0.2 (1.1) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (1.0) |
| Left step in right lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.1 ± 0.2 (1.1) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (1.0) |
| Left step in left lower extremity [m/s]b | 1.1 ± 0.2 (1.0) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (0.9) |
| Toe clearance | ||
| Forward step in right lower extremity [cm]b | 13.0 ± 2.0 (12.5) | 13.0 ± 2.4 (12.8) |
| Forward step in left lower extremity [cm]b | 13.0 ± 1.9 (12.6) | 12.9 ± 2.1 (12.8) |
| Right step in right lower extremity [cm]b | 12.6 ± 2.0 (12.0) | 12.8 ± 2.1 (12.6) |
| Right step in left lower extremity [cm]b | 12.4 ± 1.8 (12.0) | 12.6 ± 1.9 (12.2) |
| Backward step in right lower extremity [cm]b | 14.5 ± 2.9 (14.2) | 13.9 ± 2.9 (13.6) |
| Backward step in left lower extremity [cm]b | 14.1 ± 2.6 (14.0) | 13.7 ± 2.6 (13.5) |
| Left step in right lower extremity [cm]b | 12.2 ± 1.9 (12.2) | 12.4 ± 2.2 (12.4) |
| Left step in left lower extremity [cm]b | 12.4 ± 2.0 (12.5) | 12.6 ± 2.1 (12.6) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (median).
a: t-test, b: Mann–Whitney’s U test. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (uncorrected p-values).
For the purpose of this exloratory analysis, all p-values reported are uncorrected p-values.