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. 2025 Mar 18;13:1552687. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1552687

Table 5.

Silicosis (defined as ILO 1/0) hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the full cohort, lagged 10 years and limited to those hired since 1960, by categories of cumulative (mg/m3-years) and average exposure (mg/m3), and duration of employment (decades), stratified by sex and controlling for age and smoking.

HR (95% CI)
Full cohort Exposure lagged 10 years Limited to those hired since 1960
Observed Observed Observed
Cumulative exposure
≤0.5 6 Reference 9 Reference 6 Reference
>0.5–1.0 7 1.6 (0.5–5.0) 12 3.4 (1.4–8.8) 7 1.8 (0.6–5.4)
>1.0–1.5 13 4.8 (1.7–13.5) 9 4.0 (1.4–10.9) 12 5.4 (1.9–15.3)
>1.5–3.0 15 3.6 (1.3–10.1) 14 3.8 (1.5–9.8) 9 5.2 (1.7–15.3)
>3.0–4.0 7 4.8 (1.5–15.5) 7 5.6 (1.9–16.5) 3 5.4 (1.3–22.4)
>4–5 4 3.9 (1.0–14.8) 5 5.2 (1.6–17.0) 1 3.6 (0.4–30.6)
>5–6 9 9.5 (3.1–29.3) 6 7.0 (2.2–22.0) 1 9.4 (1.1–81.6)
>6 47 16.3 (6.1–43.4) 46 18.8 (7.8–45.3) 2 6.0 (1.1–31.8)
Average exposure
≤0.05 19 Reference
>0.05–0.1 19 1.7 (0.9–3.4)
>0.1–0.15 10 2.0 (0.9–4.5)
>0.15–0.2 24 4.7 (2.4–9.4)
>0.2 36 8.4 (4.5–15.8)
Years employed
≤10 5 Reference 5 Reference
>10–20 15 1.0 (0.4–2.8) 14 1.0 (0.4–2.7)
>20–30 23 1.4 (0.5–3.8) 16 1.2 (0.4–3.5)
>30 65 2.7 (1.0–7.3) 6 1.4 (0.4–4.8)
Smoking
Never 25 Reference 13 Reference
Ever 49 2.2 (1.3–3.5) 24 1.8 (0.9–3.5)
Unknown 34 1.1 (0.6–1.8) 4 0.4 (0.1–1.2)

Also, HRs by smoking status controlling for age. Additionally adjusted for duration of employment.