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. 2025 Mar 19;12:1534958. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1534958

Table 2.

The association between NHHR and lung function parameters.

NHHR Model 1
β (95% CI)
Model 2
β (95% CI)
Model 3
β (95% CI)
FEV1
Continuous 50 (32, 68) −31 (−43, −18) −15 (−28, −2.1)
Q1 Reference Reference Reference
Q2 20 (−44, 85) −20 (−59, 20) −13 (−50, 24)
Q3 135 (51, 219) −54 (−103, −4.8) −32 (−79, 14)
Q4 178 (93, 263) −112 (−168, −56) −60 (−116, −3.5)
p for trend <0.001 <0.001 0.030
FVC
Continuous 74 (56, 93) −42 (−55, −28) −21 (−35, −7.2)
Q1 Reference Reference Reference
Q2 72 (0.33, 143) −6.6 (−50, 37) 12 (−30, 53)
Q3 222 (130, 315) −61 (−116, −6.9) −18 (−72, 36)
Q4 285 (197, 374) −142 (−200, −84) −68 (−128, −9.0)
p for trend <0.001 <0.001 0.015
FEV1/FVC
Continuous −1.7 (−3.3, −0.06) 0.67 (−0.48, 1.8) 0.67 (−0.44, 1.8)
Q1 Reference Reference Reference
Q2 −8.5 (−16, −1.0) −3.3 (−9.1, 2.5) −5.2 (−10, −0.10)
Q3 −8.1 (−15, −1.1) −0.27 (−5.4, 4.8) −3.4 (−7.8, 1.1)
Q4 −9.5 (−16, −2.5) 0.98 (−4.1, 6.1) −0.37 (−5.2, 4.4)
p for trend 0.013 0.5 0.9

Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age, gender and race were adjusted. Model 3: age, gender, race, education level, BMI group, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol, hypertension, PIR, cotinine and diabetes were adjusted. NHHR: Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval, FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s, FVC: Forced Vital Capacity, FEV1/FVC: Ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s to Forced Vital Capacity. Bold values in the table indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).