Table 1.

Primary results of included studies.

References	Disease	Drug and drink information	Primary results	Quality
Dai et al. (37)	No diseases affecting balance; No serious illnesses	NR	(1) Significant improvement in the dynamic and static balance of the EG group; (2) Lower and upper limb muscle strength was significantly improved in the EG group;
Duan et al. (38)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Significant increase in EG's Berg balance scale score after 6 months of intervention
Er (39)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Berg Balance Scale scores were significantly higher in the EG compared to the control group. (2) Static balance performance of the EG significantly outperformed that of the control group following the intervention.
Gao (40)	Older adult in the decline phase	NR	(1) After the 12-week intervention, EG demonstrated a significant improvement in balance ability compared to the CG. (2) EG exhibited a significant reduction in fear of falling compared to CG.
Guan (41)	The post-stroke recovery period	NR	(1) After 3 months, EG demonstrated significant improvements in static balance indices and Berg Balance Scale scores compared to CG.
Liu (42)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) In the EG some static balance indices did not show sig nificant improvements compared to the CG. (2) EG's “time up to go text” is a significant improvement over CG.
Wu et al. (43)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases; Falls have occurred	No drugs affecting mind, vision, gait, balance, etc.	(1) After 30 days of intervention, the fall risk in EG was significantly reduced compared to CG. (2) The balance function of EG is significantly enhanced compared to CG.
Xie (44)	Disabled	Drinking habits exist in 45.3% of EG and 30.12% of CG	(1) Balance function was significantly improved in EG compared to CG after the intervention
Yao (45)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) EG dynamic and static balance significantly better than CG.
Yu et al. (46)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Significant improvement in EG fall efficacy compared to CG.
Zhang (47)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Significant improvement in EG compared to CG static balance. (2) EG's lower body and lumbar strength was significantly improved compared to CG's.
Zhang and Caixia (48)	Stroke-induced hemiplegia;Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Significant improvement in EG limb function compared to CG after 8 weeks of intervention.
Zhao (49)	No diseases affecting balance; No serious illnesses	NR	(1) EG static balance and lower limb muscle strength significantly improved after 12 weeks of intervention compared to CG. (2) Significant improvement in EG falls efficacy compared to CG after 12 weeks of intervention.
Zheng et al. (50)	Knee Osteoarthritis	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Loxoprofen Sodium Tablets); Flurbiprofen Cataplasms	(1) BDJ significantly improves dynamic and static balance in KOA patients. (2) Significant improvement in EG falls efficacy compared to CG after 12 weeks of intervention.
Zhou et al. (51)	The post-stroke recovery period;No serious illnesses	NR	(1) EG demonstrated significant improvements in Berg Balance Scale scores compared to CG.
Zhou et al. (52)	No diseases affecting balance; no serious illnesses	NR	(1) EG balance function and lower limb muscle strength improved significantly compared to CG.
Hua (53)	End-stage renal disease	NR	(1) After 12 weeks, EG demonstrated significant improvements in “Timed Up and Go” and 6 MWT compared to CG.
Li et al. (54)	Senile osteoporosis;No serious illnesses	Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets; Elcatonin Injection	(1) BDJ intervention improved EG balance function compared to controls. (2) BDJ intervention reduces EG fall risk compared to controls.
Li (55)	Mild Cognitive Impairment;No diseases affecting balance;No serious illnesses	No drugs affecting brain metabolism and cognitive function.	(1) BDJ significantly enhances the ability to improve static balance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment compared to the CG.
Liao (56)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Long-term BDJ exercise significantly improves balance function in older women.
Chen et al. (57)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Organizing older adult patients to practice group Ba Duan Jin in older adult care homes can effectively reduce the risk of falls
Zhou (58)	Sarcopenia;no serious illnesses	NR	(1) No significant increase in muscle strength in patients with EG's Sarcopenis compared to CG after 12 weeks of intervention
Zhou et al. (59)	Sarcopenia;Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) EG's balance has been significantly improved compared to the CG.
Zhuang et al. (60)	The post-stroke recovery period;No serious illnesses	NR	(1) Adding BDJ to routine rehabilitation enhances balance function in stroke patients.
Kuang (61)	Osteoporosis; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets	(1) Conventional medication plus BDJ exercise significantly increased Berg balance scale scores
He et al. (62)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) EG demonstrated significant improvements in static balance compared to CG.
Li (63)	Chronic heart failure;Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) EG demonstrated significant improvements in 6 WMT compared to CG.
Shi (64)	Falls have occurred; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Berg Balance Scale and Modified Falls Efficacy Scale scores of EG patients were significantly better than those of the control group.
Xu et al. (65)	Coronary heart disease; No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	Conventional cardiology drug	(1) The test group showed statistically significant improvements in both 6-min walking distance and grip strength after the intervention compared to the control group.
Wang et al. (66)	Psychiatric disorder; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Significantly improved balance function and fall prevention confidence in EG compared to CG.
Carcelén-Fraile et al. (67)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	No drugs that impaired the central nervous system, co-ordination, or balance (e.g., anxiolytics, antidepressants, or vestibular sedatives).	(1) 12 weeks of BDJ training benefits muscle strength and postural control.
Liu et al. (68)	No diseases affecting balance; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) Balance function was significantly improved post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. (2) Confidence in coping with falls was significantly improved post-intervention compared to pre-intervention.	NA
Xiao et al. (69)	Type Diabetes Mellitus;	NR	(1) A 6-month Baduanjin intervention significantly improved EG balance compared to CG.
Xiao and Zhuang (70)	Mild to moderate Parkinson; Non-acute exacerbations of chronic diseases	NR	(1) The Baduanjin intervention significantly improved Berg balance scale score and 6 WMT compared to the CG.
Ye et al. (71)	Knee Osteoarthritis; No serious illnesses	No drugs that could affect the musculoskeletal system or postural stability (e.g., antidepressants, dopaminergic agents, and hypnotics).	(1) The perimeter and ellipse area with both open- and closed-eyes conditions were significantly improved at week eight in the experimental group. (2) The ellipse area with open-eyes condition, WOMAC index, and stiffness and physical function domains were significantly decreased after the 12 weeks of Baduanjin training compared to the CG, and only the perimeter area with both open- and closed-eyes conditions was not statistically significant at week 12 in the EG.
Yuen et al. (72)	Chronic Stroke; No serious illnesses	NR	(1) After 16 weeks of intervention, overall balance was significantly improved compared to CG. (2) Stability limits and fall efficacy showed no significant improvement after the 16-week intervention.
Ye et al. (73)	Post-Stroke cognitive impairment; No serious illnesses	No alcohol or drug abuse	(1) After the 24-week intervention, Baduanjin group exhibited significantly better FMA, BBS results than the control group. (2) Baduanjin exercise group showed significant improvements in spatial gait.
Ye et al. (74)	Knee Osteoarthritis; No serious illnesses	No drugs that could affect the musculoskeletal system or proprioception and postural stability (e.g., antidepressants, dopaminergic agents, and hypnotics).	(1) For postural stability at the anterior-posterior direction with eyes closed, Baduanjin Qigong group showed significant improvement compared to controls after the 12 weeks of intervention.
Tou et al. (75)	Frailty status; No diseases affecting balance	NR	(1) After the 4-month intervention, there were no significant differences in fall efficacy, TUG scores, and 30s sit-to-stand in the intervention group compared to the CG.
Jiao (76)	No diseases affecting balance; No serious illnesses	NR	(1) The Baduanjin intervention had a significant effect on the dynamic balance of retired teachers.

Fair, red goal; Good, yellow goal; Excellent, green goal; NR, not report; NA, not applicable.