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. 2025 Mar 19;16:1561749. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1561749

Table 2.

Results of meta-analysis for all clinical outcomes.

Outcomes No. of studies Sample size Heterogeneity Overall effect size 95% CI of overall effect P-value
VA BQT I2 (%) P-value
H. pylori eradication rate (ITT) 17 1,443 1,451 62 <0.01 RR = 1.07 1.01 ~ 1.12 0.01
H. pylori eradication rate (PP) 17 1,369 1,324 5 <0.01 RR = 1.03 0.99 ~ 1.08 0.13
Overall AEs 16 1,310 1,309 0 0.99 RR = 0.43 0.37 ~ 0.51 <0.01
Compliance 17 1,440 1,444 46 0.02 RR = 1.03 1.01 ~ 1.05 <0.01
Nausea and/or vomiting 15 1,236 1,232 4 0.41 RR = 0.38 0.26 ~ 0.55 <0.01
Diarrhea 14 1,207 1,210 4 0.39 RR = 0.75 0.55 ~ 1.03 0.08
Skin rash 10 833 831 6 0.64 RR = 0.76 0.42 ~ 1.38 0.36
Dizziness and/or headaches 7 777 777 0 0.65 RR = 0.33 0.13 ~ 0.84 0.02
Abdominal distension 7 489 496 0 0.76 RR = 0.75 0.43 ~ 1.30 0.31
Abdominal pain 8 830 832 0 0.70 RR = 0.97 0.57 ~ 1.63 0.89
Taste problem 10 690 692 0 0.46 RR = 0.10 0.05 ~ 0.17 <0.01
Constipation 5 380 378 0 0.70 RR = 0.75 0.26 ~ 2.13 0.59