Figure 4.

Internal diaspora evolution in gastric cancer progression and prognosis. A, Bar plots showing the proportion of TCGA molecular subtypes across internal diaspora and branched evolution gastric cancer samples, denoted by sample counts on bars. B, Bar plots showing the proportion of Lauren histologic subtypes across internal diaspora and branched evolution gastric cancer samples, denoted by sample counts on bars. C, Kaplan–Meier survival plot comparing internal diaspora and branched evolution patterns in TCGA gastric cancer samples (n = 332), as classified by single-cell–derived signatures. The blue survival curve represents patients with tumors exhibiting a branched evolution pattern, whereas the red curve denotes patients with tumors exhibiting an internal diaspora evolution pattern. D, Kaplan–Meier survival plot of internal diaspora vs. branched evolution in the ACRG (n = 273) classified by single-cell–derived signatures. The blue survival curve represents patients with tumors exhibiting a branched evolution pattern, whereas the red curve denotes patients with tumors exhibiting an internal diaspora evolution pattern. E, Bar chart of Jaccard indexes for two sCNA evolution types. Jaccard indexes were calculated among intratumor subgroups using the sCNA matrix within each sample. Bars represent mean values in each group. The star * indicates statistical significance using t tests (P < 0.05). F, GSEA dot plot shows upregulated pathways in internal diaspora evolution samples compared with branched evolution samples. Dot dimensions denote gene overlap counts with the Hallmark database, whereas colors represent GSEA enrichment significance. “DN” represents “down-regulated”. G, Volcano plot comparing gene expression between internal diaspora and branched evolution samples at the single-cell level. Axes indicate Log₂ fold changes (log₂ FC) and significance levels. H, A sCNA heatmap showing the average sCNA pattern of aneuploid cells from internal diaspora samples. Arrows and boxes highlight common large copy-number variation events (Chr1 and Chr12) across internal diaspora samples. Genes in these regions are listed. GC, gastric cancer; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma.