| Graphene nanoplatelets/cellulose aerogel |
PEG 6000 |
Freeze-drying/(−55 °C) and impregnation under vacuum/(80 °C, 24 h) |
The fabricated aerogel had a density of 0.06–0.12 g cm−3 with 89–95% open units |
Thermal energy storage (TES) |
20
|
| Morphological analysis showed no clear interface between the aerogel network and PEG in the composite, indicating good compatibility, which enhanced thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and shape stability (up to 100 °C) |
| Thermal conductivity increased with higher graphite content, while graphite fillers reduced PCM's melting enthalpy by disrupting molecular bonding |
| Crystalline nanocellulose |
PEG 2000 |
Radical polymerization/(80 °C, 4–16 h) |
The composite samples maintained thermal and shape stability up to 300 °C for 120 cycles, with lower enthalpy and minimal leakage compared to pure PCM |
Smart heat storage |
21
|
| Novolac/carbon monofilament/zinc borate aerogel |
Paraffin wax (PW) |
Sol–gel polymerization/(120 °C, 5 h) and impregnation/(120 °C, 48 h) |
The addition of conductive fillers and zinc borate increased aerogel porosity while enhancing thermal conductivity |
Free cooling in electrical industry |
16
|
| Higher zinc borate content reduced polarity and compatibility with PW, decreasing impregnation |
| AC0Z0 (75 wt% PW) showed no leakage, while nanocomposite aerogels (77 wt% PW) had minimal leakage, even after 10 heating–cooling cycles. Leakage below 2.59 wt% confirmed effective PW impregnation and retention |
