Table 1.

Summary of vaccines in clinical trials and already approved.

	Target	Antigen	Band name	Manufacture	Stage	References
Human respiratory vaccines	Influenza virus	HA protein	FluBlok	Sanofi Pasteur	Approved (STN:125285)	Flublok (2024) and Cox et al. (2008)
	Influenza virus	HA protein	Flublok Quadrivalent	Sanofi Pasteur	Approved (STN:125285)	Dunkle et al. (2017a) and Flublok Quadrivalent (2024)
	COVID-19	Spike (S) protein	Nuvaxovid/Covovax	Novavax	Approved (EMA: EMEA/H/C/005991)	Guebre-Xabier et al. (2020) and Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine (2024)
	COVID-19	recombinant RBD monomer	Coviccine	WestVac Biopharma/ West China Hospital of Sichuan University	Approved	Yang et al. (2020) and Biopharma (2024)
	COVID-19	recombinant RBD monomer	Coviccine® Trivalent XBB.1.5-Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB.1.5 + BA.5 + Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 cell)	WestVac Biopharma/ West China Medical Center/West China Hospital of Sichuan University	Approved	Biopharma (2023) and Biopharma (2024)
	COVID-19	CoV2 preS dTM	Sanofi-GSK	Sanofi/GSK	Approved (EMA: EMEA/H/C/005754)	Pavot et al. (2022)
	Influenza A H1N1	A (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus-like Particle	—	Novavax	Phase II (Clinical trial No.: NCT:01072799)	López-Macías et al. (2011) and ClinicalTrials (2020)
	Influenza virus	Hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix 1 (M1)	Nanoflu	Novavax	Phase III (Clinical trial No.: NCT:04120194)	Smith et al. (2017)
	Respiratory syncytial virus	Fusion glycoprotein	Resvax	Novavax	Phase III (Clinical trial No.: NCT 02624947)	Fries et al. (2017) and Jares Baglivo and Polack (2019)
	COVID-19 and Influenza	Quadrivalent Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle	qNIV/CoV2373 vaccine	Novavax	Phase II (Clinical trial No.: NCT 05519839)	Massare et al. (2021) and A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 and Influenza Combination Vaccine (COVID-19) (2024)