Table 2.
Basic features of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Stroke stage | Group | Sample size (M/F) | Age (mean ± SD) | Days from onset (mean ± SD) | Intervention category | Intervention frequency and duration | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lim et al. (2014) | Korea | Acute | TG | 18 (12/6) | 66.3 ± 15.4 | 37.3 ± 16.1 | NmeS + RTD | NmeS: 30 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | FDS, ASHA NOMS |
| CG | 15 (9/6) | 62.5 ± 8.2 | 34.4 ± 10.1 | RTD | RTD: 30 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | ||||
| Toyama et al. (2014) | Japan | Acute and chronic | TG | 12 (12/0) | 63.6 ± 21.4 | 176.4 ± 181.3 | NmeS + RTD | rTMS: 20 min, 10 sessions | FoiS, VDS |
| CG | 14 (10/4) | 67.2 ± 13.7 | 102.9 ± 74.2 | RTD | RTD: 40 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks | ||||
| Zhang et al. (2016) | China | Acute | TG | 28 (16/12) | 61.3 ± 7.1 | 22.1 ± 4.0 | NmeS + RTD | NmeS: 20 min, twice/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | FoiS, SWAL-QOL |
| CG | 27 (17/10) | 62.6 ± 8.7 | 21.3 ± 4.1 | RTD | |||||
| Chen et al. (2022) | China | Acute | TG | 50 (26/24) | 67.17 ± 4.28 | 20.76 ± 5.78 | NmeS + RSR | NmeS: 30 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | VFSS |
| CG | 50 (28/22) | 67.59 ± 4.50 | 21.44 ± 5.45 | RSR | RSR: once/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks | ||||
| Bengisu et al. (2024) | Turkey | Acute | TG | 10 (7/3) | 66.9 ± 12.5 | NmeS + RTD | NmeS: 40 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | DSRS | |
| CG | 10 (7/3) | 68.0 ± 10.5 | Sham NmeS + RTD | RDT: 60 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | |||||
| Jayasekeran et al. (2010) | UK | Acute | TG | 16 | 75 ± 2.7 | PES (5 Hz) | PES: 10 min, once/day, 3 days | DSRS | |
| CG | 12 | 74 ± 2.3 | Sham PES | ||||||
| Vasant et al. (2016) | UK | Acute | TG | 8 (5/3) | 58.6 ± 13.42 | PES (5 Hz) | PES: 10 min, once/day, 3 days | DSRS | |
| CG | 8 (5/3) | 70.5 ± 11.8 | Sham PES | ||||||
| Vasant et al. (2016) | UK | Acute | TG | 18 (9/9) | 71 (56, 79) | 16 ± 10.37 | PES (5 Hz) | PES: 10 min, once/day, 3 days | DSRS |
| CG | 18 (13/5) | 71 (61, 78) | 11 ± 7.41 | Sham PES | |||||
| Bath et al. (2016) | UK | Acute | TG | 87 (48/39) | 74.0 ± 9.9 | 77/9/0 | PES (5 Hz) + SC | PES: 10 min, once/day, 3 days | PAS, BI |
| CG | 75 (46/29) | 74.9 ± 12.6 | 66/8/1 | Sham PES + SC | |||||
| Khedr et al. (2009) | UK | Acute | TG | 14 | 58.9 ± 11.7 | rTMS (3 Hz) | rTMS: 10 min, once/day, 5 days | DSRS, BI | |
| CG | 12 | 56.2 ± 13.4 | Sham rTMS | ||||||
| Ünlüer et al. (2019) | Turkey | Acute | TG | 15 (9/6) | 67.80 ± 11.88 | 14/1/0 | rTMS (1 Hz) + RTD | rTMS: 20 min, once/day, 3 days/week, 4 weeks | PAS, SWAL-QOL |
| CG | 13 (7/6) | 69.31 ± 12.89 | 12/1/0 | RTD | RTD: 30–45 min, once/day, 3 days/week, 4 weeks | ||||
| Jiao et al. (2019) | China | Acute | TG | 30 (14/16) | 64.5 ± 4.3 | rTMS (3 Hz) + BR | rTMS: 20 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | PAS, CDS | |
| CG | 30 (19/11) | 65.2 ± 5.1 | BR | BR: twice/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | |||||
| Zhong et al. (2021) | China | Acute | TG | 41 (24/17) | 63.61 ± 9.674 | 27/14/0 | rTMS (10 Hz) + RSR | rTMS: 4 min35 s, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | PAS |
| CG | 43 (21/22) | 62.81 ± 11.49 | 26/17/0 | Sham rTMS + RSR | RSR: 30 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | ||||
| Suh et al. (2024) | Korea | Acute and chronic | TG | 14 (7/7) | 64.39 ± 16.60 | 9/5/0 | iTBS + RTD | iTBS: 200 s, once/day, 5 sessions | PAS |
| CG | 14 (9/5) | 68.64 ± 12.83 | 10/4/0 | Sham iTBS + RTD | RDT: 30 min, once/day, 5 sessions | ||||
| Yang et al. (2012) | Korea | Acute | TG | 9 (6/3) | 70.44 ± 12.59 | tDCS + ST | tDCS: 20 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | FDS | |
| CG | 7 (3/4) | 70.57 ± 8.46 | Sham tDCS + ST | ST: 30 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | |||||
| Ahn et al. (2017) | Korea | Chronic | TG | 13 (9/4) | 61.62 ± 10.28 | 5/8/0 | tDCS + RTD | tDCS: 20 min, once/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks | DOSS |
| CG | 13 (6/7) | 66.38 ± 10.67 | 11/2/0 | Sham tDCS + RTD | |||||
| Farpour et al. (2023) | Iran | Acute | TG | 22 (13/9) | 65.32 ± 16.34 | tDCS + BT | tDCS: 20 min, once/day, 5 days | FoiS, MASA | |
| CG | 22 (10/12) | 70.68 ± 16.33 | Sham tDCS + BT |
TG, test group; CG, control group.