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. 2025 Mar 8;17(2):plaf013. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plaf013

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Alt Text: Bar graphs showing the seed germination percentage, plant height and plant biomass of monoculture and mixture along the three patch sizes with significant makers. — Effects of patch size on the seed germination (a), plant height (b), and plant biomass (c) of monoculture and mixture. Different letters indicate differences of the same species combinations among the patch sizes, and EN, FS, PP, and VU are named as E. nutans, F. sinensis, P. pratensis, and V. unijuga, respectively.