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. 2025 Mar 21;13:1525542. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1525542

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Copyright © 2025 Li, Yang, Zhang, Yao, Liu, Luan, Chen, Fang and Cheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of the hinge axis inclination on the axial plane on PTS. Yellow represents the pre-operative, and purple represents the post-operative. The black solid line connects the leading edge to the trailing edge of the medial tibial plateau. The black dashed line runs parallel to the black solid line, and the red solid line connects the leading edge to the trailing edge of the medial tibial plateau after surgery. The angle between the red solid line and the black dashed line represents the change in PTS. (A) standard osteotomy. (B) −5°. (C) −10°. (D) −15°. (E) 5°. (F) 10°. (G) 15°. PTS, posterior tibial slope.