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. 2025 Apr 3;10(4):e017187. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017187

Table 2. Associations between age-standardised incidence rate and DALY rate of autoimmune disease and varied country indexes in children and adolescents.

Childhood (0–9 years) Adolescence (10–24 years)
rASIR (95% CI) rASDR (95% CI) rASIR (95% CI) rASDR (95% CI)
N=171
 ESG Index
  Diabetes mellitus type 1 −0.61 (−0.70 to −0.51) 0.66 (0.56 to 0.73) −0.54 (−0.64 to −0.42) 0.33 (0.19 to 0.46)
  Rheumatoid arthritis −0.62 (−0.71 to −0.52) −0.29 (−0.42 to −0.14) −0.57 (−0.67 to −0.46) −0.64 (−0.72 to −0.54)
  Inflammatory bowel disease −0.45 (−0.57 to −0.33) 0.26 (0.11 to 0.39) −0.66 (−0.73 to −0.56) −0.57 (−0.66 to −0.45)
  Psoriasis −0.62 (−0.71 to −0.52) −0.62 (−0.70 to −0.51) −0.65 (−0.73 to −0.55) −0.65 (−0.73 to −0.55)
N=85
 Healthcare index
  Diabetes mellitus type 1 0.37 (0.17 to 0.54) −0.36 (−0.53 to −0.16) 0.24 (0.03 to 0.43) −0.34 (−0.51 to −0.13)
  Rheumatoid arthritis 0.34 (0.14 to 0.51) 0.29 (0. 08 to 0.47) 0.07 (−0.14 to 0.28) 0.23 (0.02 to 0.42)
  Inflammatory bowel disease 0.24 (0.03 to 0.44) −0.16 (−0.36 to 0.06) 0.42 (0.23 to 0.58) 0.33 (0.12 to 0.50)
  Psoriasis 0.36 (0.16 to 0.53) 0.37 (0.17 to 0.54) 0.33 (0.12 to 0.50) 0.35 (0.14 to 0.52)
N=77
 Quality of Life Index
  Diabetes mellitus type 1 0.64 (0.49 to 0.76) −0.38 (−0.55 to −0.17) 0.65 (0.50 to 0.77) −0.14 (−0.35 to 0.08)
  Rheumatoid arthritis 0.53 (0.35 to 0.68) 0.26 (0.03 to 0.45) 0.24 (0.01 to 0.44) 0.40 (0.20 to 0.57)
  Inflammatory bowel disease 0.37 (0.16 to 0.55) −0.14 (−0.35 to 0.09) 0.65 (0.49 to 0.76) 0.57 (0.40 to 0.70)
  Psoriasis 0.59 (0.42 to 0.72) 0.58 (0.41 to 0.71) 0.60 (0.44 to 0.73) 0.60 (0.44 to 0.73)

ASDRage-standardised DALYs rateASIRage-standardised incidence rateDALYsdisability-adjusted life-yearsESGEnvironmental, Social and Governance Index