Table 2. All outcome measures collected after ≈10 years adjusted for sex and age (in years).
| Follow-up | Change from baseline | |
| Training hours per week, hours | 6.1 (4.6 to 7.6) | −13 (−15 to −12)* |
| VO2max, mL/min | 3804 (3576 to 4031) | −864 (−1091 to −637)* |
| BSA, m2 | 1.98 (1.96 to 2.01) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.07)* |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126 (123 to 130) | 3 (−1 to 6) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77 (74 to 80) | 6 (3 to 10)* |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 57 (54 to 59) | 3 (−0 to −5) |
| Primary outcome measure | ||
| maxLAVi, mL/m2 | 33.2 (31.1 to 35.2) | 1.4 (−0.7 to 3.5) |
| Secondary outcome measures | ||
| minLAVi, mL/m2 | 17.0 (15.8 to 18.2) | 0.33 (−0.9 to 1.6) |
| LAre strain, % | 38 (35.6 to 39.4) | −1.6 (−3.5 to 0.3) |
| LAct strain, % | 12 (10.6 to 12.8) | 1.4 (0.4 to 2.5)* |
| Other secondary outcome measures | ||
| LA Stiffness Index, ratio | 0.13 (0.12 to 0.14) | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02)* |
| LAct/minLAVi, ratio | 0.72 (0.64 to 0.81) | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.16) |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 | 74 (71 to 77) | −8 (−11 to −5)* |
| LVESVi, mL/m2 | 33 (31 to 34) | −2 (−4 to −1)* |
| Peak E, cm/s | 77.8 (74.3 to 81.4) | −6.3 (−9.8 to −2.7)* |
| Peak A, cm/s | 41.8 (39.1 to 44.4) | 1.1 (−1.5 to 3.8) |
| Average e’, cm/s | 16.5 (15.6 to 17.4) | −2.9 (−3.8 to −2.0)* |
| E/A, ratio | 2.0 (1.8 to 2.1) | −0.2 (−0.3 to 0.0) |
| E/e’, ratio | 4.8 (4.6 to 5.1) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7)* |
| LVEF, % | 55.6 (54.3 to 57.0) | −2 (−3 to −1)* |
| LV GLS, % | 18.5 (17.8 to 19.2) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.3) |
| RWT, % | 0.34 (0.32 to 0.37) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) |
| LV mass, g/m2 | 86 (81 to 91) | −19 (−24 to −14)* |
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted ANCOVA models values for all variables assessed at follow-up. All echocardiographic measures are reported as least squares means with 95% confidence intervalCI.* Denotes significant change since baseline. Left atrial stiffness calculated as E/e/LAre.
Denotes significant change since baseline. Left atrial stiffness calculated as E/e’/LAre.
ANCOVAanalysis of covarianceBSAbody surface areaDBP, diastolic blood pressure; LAct, left atrial contraction strain; LAre strainleft atrial reservoir strainLVEDVi, left ventricular end systolic volume indexed to BSA; LVEDVi, Left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to BSA; LVEF, left atrial ejection fraction; LVESVileft ventricular end-systolic volume indexLV GLSLeft ventricular global longitudinal strainMaxLAVi, left atrial maximum volume indexed to BSA; MinLAVi, left atrial minimum volume indexed to BSA; RWT, relative wall thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VO2max, maximum oxygen uptake